Nivolumab-induced cytokine-release syndrome in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case report and literature review

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

References

• 1 American Cancer Society: Cancer facts and figures 2018. Atlanta, GA, American Cancer Society (2018). www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2018/cancer-facts-and-figures-2018.pdf.
  Google Scholar
• 2 Bonfante V, Santoro A, Viviani S et al. Outcome of patients with Hodgkin's disease failing after primary MOPP-ABVD. J. Clin. Oncol. 15(2), 528–534 (1997).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3 Josting A, Franklin J, May M et al. New prognostic score based on treatment outcome of patients with relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma registered in the database of the German Hodgkin's lymphoma study group. J. Clin. Oncol. 20(1), 221–230 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 4 Ansell SM, Lesokhin AM, Borrello I et al. PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 372(4), 311–319 (2015). • Phase I clinical study in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. The efficacy of anti-PD-1 agents is as high as 87%, including 17% complete response. This result could not be imagined before the advent of anti-PD-1 agents and draw attentions of clinical therapist.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 5 Younes A, Santoro A, Shipp M et al. Nivolumab for classical Hodgkin's lymphoma after failure of both autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin: a multicentre, multicohort, single-arm Phase II trial. Lancet Oncol. 17(9), 1283–1294 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 6 Maude SL, Barrett D, Teachey DT et al. Managing cytokine-release syndrome associated with novel T cell-engaging therapies. Cancer J. 20(2), 119–122 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 7 Grupp SA, Kolos M, Barrett D et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 368(16), 1509–1518 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 8 Porter DL, Levine BL, Kalos M et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 365(8), 725–733 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 9 Brentjens RJ, Davila ML, Riviere I et al. CD19-targeted T cells rapidly induce molecular remissions in adults with chemotherapy-refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci. Transl. Med. 5(177), 177ra38 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 10 Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine-release syndrome. Blood 124(2), 188–195 (2014). • This is an interesting paper on the diagnosis and management of cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) which gives details on how to diagnose, grade and treat CRS. This is very important at present with the wide use of adoptive cell immunotherapy in the clinic.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 11 Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR et al. Safety, activity and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 366(26), 2443–2454 (2012). • The results of this study are very interesting and give hopes to the cancer patients especially for those at the late stage of disease. This is a Phase I study in previously treated patients and there was no effective treatment for them at that time. The efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody was amazing and arouse passion for immunotherapy.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 12 Overman MJ, McDermott R, Leach JL et al. Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142): an open-label, multicenter, Phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 18(9), 1182–1191 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13 Iwai Y, Ishida M, Tanaka Y et al. Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(19), 12293–12297 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 14 Montes-Moreno S. Hodgkin's Lymphomas: a tumor recognized by its microenvironment. Adv. Hematol. 2011, 142395 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 15 Green MR, Rodig S, Juszczynski P et al. Constitutive AP-1 activity and EBV infection induce PD-L1 in Hodgkin lymphomas and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders: implications for targeted therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 18(6), 1611–1618 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16 Teachey DT, Lacey SF, Shaw PA et al. Identification of predictive biomarkers for cytokine-release syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Discov. 6(6), 664–679 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 17 Abboud R, Keller J, Slade M et al. Severe cytokine-release syndrome after T-cell-replete peripheral blood haploidentical donor transplantation is associated with poor survival and anti-IL-6 therapy is safe and well tolerated. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 22(10), 1851–1860 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18 Batlevi CL, Matsuki E, Brentjens RJ et al. Novel immunotherapies in lymphoid malignancies. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 13(1), 25–40 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19 Hay KA, Hanafi LA, Li D et al. Kinetics and biomarkers of severe cytokine-release syndrome after CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy. Blood 130(21), 2295–2306 (2017). • The incidences of CRS in patients with CD19-specific CAR T-cell therapy, the grade of CRS and the factors, which gave much valuable experience for the clinicians in this field.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 20 Maude SL, Laetsch TW, Buechner J et al. Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-Cell lymphoblastic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 378(5), 439–448 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21 Gardner RA, Finney O, Annesley C et al. Intent-to-treat leukemia remission by CD19 CAR T cells of defined formulation and dose in children and young adults. Blood 129(25), 3322–3331 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22 Neelapu SS, Tummala S, Kebriaei P et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy – assessment and management of toxicities. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 15(1), 47–62 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 23 Rotz SJ, Leino D, Szabo S et al. Severe cytokine-release syndrome in patient receiving PD-1-directed therapy. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 64(12), doi:10.1002/pbc.26642 (2017) (Epub ahead of print).
  Google Scholar
• 24 Kulkarni HS, Kasi PM. Rituximab and cytokine-release syndrome. Case Rep. Oncol. 5(1), 134–141 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 25 Makino K, Nakata J, Kawachi S et al. Treatment strategy for reducing the risk of rituximab-induced cytokine-release syndrome in patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. J. Med. Case Rep. 7, 280 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 26 Davila ML, Riviere I, Wang X et al. Efficacy and toxicity management of 19–28z CAR T-cell therapy in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci. Transl. Med. 6(224), 224ra25 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 27 Foran AE, Nadel HR, Lee AF et al. Nivolumab in the treatment of refractory pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 39(5), e263–e266 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 28 Alig SK, Dreyling M, Seppi B et al. Severe cytokine-release syndrome after the first dose of Brentuximab Vedotin in a patient with relapsed systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL): a case report and review of literature. Eur. J. Haematol. 94(6), 554–557 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 29 Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S et al. Cytokine storm in a Phase I trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(10), 1018–1028 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30 Ureshino H, Ando T, Kizuka H et al. Tocilizumab for severe cytokine-release syndrome after haploidentical donor transplantation in a patient with refractory Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol. 36(1), 324–327 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar