Clinical Characteristics of Retroviral Rebound Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review

Yu Akagi; Kosuke Tanaka; Momoko Mawatari; Yuta Toda; Toshio Kumasaka; Akihiro Ueda

doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.9661-22

CASE REPORTS

Clinical Characteristics of Retroviral Rebound Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review

Yu Akagi, Kosuke Tanaka, Momoko Mawatari, Yuta Toda, Toshio Kumasaka, Akihiro Ueda

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Keywords: human immunodeficiency virus, antiretroviral therapy, acute retroviral syndrome, rebound, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

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Supplementary material

2023 Volume 62 Issue 7 Pages 1089-1093

DOI https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.9661-22

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Abstract

We herein report a case of retroviral rebound syndrome (RRS) complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Owing to the paucity of comprehensive data on RRS, we also conducted a literature review. All 19 cases included in the review presented within 2 months after the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. They were usually accompanied by both a significant decrease in CD4 count (median 292/μL) and a rapid increase in plasma human immunodeficiency virus loads (median 3.5×10⁵/mL). Although life-threatening complications were reported, the overall prognosis was favorable. The outcomes of this review aided in the diagnosis of the present case.

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