Коронавирусная инфекция COVID-19 у детей: клиническая картина, диагностика, вакцинация и лечение

В конце 2019 г. новый подтип коронавируса, названный коронавирусом тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома 2-го типа (COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2) быстро распространился по миру, вызвав глобальную пандемию. Изначально доля подтвержденных случаев среди детей была относительно небольшой, и считалось, что дети заражаются редко. Последующие наблюдения показали, что у детей и подростков инфекция либо протекает бессимптомно, либо сопровождается минимальной клинической симптоматикой, в связи с чем истинная заболеваемость недооценивается или переоценивается из-за низкого уровня тестирования. В статье систематизированы результаты исследований, посвященных распространенности, диагностике, клинической картине, вакцинации и лечению детей с новой коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2.Уровень положительных результатов SARS-CoV-2 на протяжении всего пика пандемии у детей был низким по сравнению с таковым у взрослых. Дети не только реже заражаются вирусом, но и переносят инфекцию легче, чем взрослые. Летальность у детей с COVID-19 составляла менее 0,5%. У большинства детей заражение протекает либо бессимптомно, либо сопровождается стертой клинической картиной. Вакцинация детей и подростков рекомендуется в основном для достижения коллективного иммунитета во всех возрастных группах. Однако отсутствуют убедительные данные о длительности иммунного ответа, уровне необходимого защитного титра антител, а также об отдаленных побочных эффектах вакцинации в связи с недостаточным сроком наблюдения и неопределенностью критериев иммунного ответа. По мере накопления информации о вирусной нагрузке у детей и подростков, их роли в передаче вируса оптимизированы подходы к диагностике в этой возрастной группе. Эффективность лечения протестирована на пациентах, госпитализированных в стационар, и разработаны рекомендации по лечению. В настоящее время глобальные исследовательские усилия сосредоточены на защите особенно уязвимых детей, перспективах тотальной вакцинации детей, ее эффективности и безопасности

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