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Bellomare, M., Genova, V. G., & Miano, P. (2024). Gaslighting Exposure During Emerging Adulthood: Personality Traits and Vulnerability Paths. International Journal of Psychological Research, 17(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.6306
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Among the many forms of psychological violence, gaslighting is a particularly insidious manipulative behaviour that includes acts aimed at controlling and altering one’s own partner’s sensations, thoughts, actions, affective state, self-perception, and reality-testing. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the experience of gaslighting and dysfunctional aspects of the partner’s personality. Gaslighter personality facets were assessed using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5–Informant Form–Adult (PID-5-IRF), while gaslighting behaviours were assessed using a 25-item questionnaire, based on the three categories of glamour, good-guy, and intimidator (Stern, 2007). The sample was made up of a group of 177 Italian emerging adults aged between 19 and 26 (49.2% male, 50.8% female; M = 21.88, SD = 1.75), enrolled at University, who participated voluntarily
in the research. In fact, none of them received any form of direct or indirect incentive.
In our study, we applied a beta regression model mapping the Likert scale into the open interval (0,1). The main results show (a) good-guy gaslighting is positively associated with manipulativeness and negatively associated with deceitfulness; (b) glamour gaslighting has a negative association with separation insecurity and manipulativeness, but it is positively associated with irresponsibility; (c) intimidator gaslighting has a positive association with separation insecurity and distractibility and a negative association with eccentricity and perceptual dysregulation; (d) all three gaslighting categories are negatively associated with anhedonia and impulsivity. Based on what emerged from the data, aspects such as separation insecurity, irresponsibility, and distractibility can be seen as serious risk factors for gaslighting.
For this reason, with regard to clinical implications, an early recognition of dysfunctional traits in potential abusers should be fostered in order to protect both potential abusers and their partner from aggressive conduct within an intimate relationship.
Keywords:
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Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2010). Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? De-coding the narcissism popularity link at zero acquaintance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98(1), 132–145.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016338
Baker, C. R., & Stith, S. M. (2008). Factors predicting dating violence perpetration among male and female college students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 17, 227–244. doi:10.1080/10926770802344836
Banister, E. M., Jakubec, S. L., & Stein, J. A. (2003). "Like, What Am I Supposed to Do?": Adolescent Girls' Health Concerns in Their Dating Relationships. CJNR: Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(2), 16–33.
Barter, C. (2011). A Thoroughly Gendered Affair: Teenage Partner Violence and Exploitation. In C. Barter and D. Berridge (Eds.) Children Behaving Badly? Peer Violence Between Children and Young People (pp.103-120). Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (XNYS:JW.A)103-120. doi:10.1002/9780470976586.ch8
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2008). 8-year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(5), 631–638.
Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K. (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1), 26–29. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00053
Bowen, E. (2011a). An overview of partner violence risk assessment and the potential role of female victim risk appraisals. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(3), 214–226. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.007
Bowen, E. (2011b).The rehabilitation of partner-violent men. Wiley Blackwell
Brem, M. J., Khaddouma, A., Elmquist, J., Florimbio, A. R., Shorey, R. C., & Stuart, G. L. (2019). Relationships Among Dispositional Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, and Women's Dating Violence Perpetration: A Path Analysis. Journal of interpersonal violence, 34(14), 2996–3016. doi:10.1177/0886260516664317
Calef, V., & Weinshel, E. M. (1981). Some clinical consequences of introjection: Gaslighting. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 50(1), 44–66. doi:10.1080/21674086.1981.11926942
DeCuyper, M., Gistelinck, F., Vergauwe, J., Pancorbo,G., & Fruyt, F. (2018). Personality pathology and relationship satisfaction in dating and married couples.Personality Disorders,9, 81–92.https://doi.org/10%20.1037/per0000219
Dowgwillo, E. A., Ménard, K. S., Krueger, R. F., & Pincus, A. L. (2016). DSM–5 pathological personality traits and intimate partner violence among male and female college students. Violence and Victims, 31, 416–437. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00109
York: Guilford.
Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., & Johnson, J. G. (2006). Development of personality disorder symptoms and the risk for partner violence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(3), 474–483. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.474
Ferrari, S., & Cribari-Neto, F. (2004). Beta Regression for Modelling Raters and Proportions.Journal of Applied Statistics,31(7), 799–815.https://doi.org/10.1080/0266476042000214501
Fossati, A., & Borroni, S. (2015). Inventario di personalità per il DSM-5 – Versione per la fonte esterna (PID-5-IRF) – Adulto. Milano, Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Fowler, K. A., & Westen, D. (2011). Subtyping male perpetrators of intimate partner violence.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,26(4), 607–639.https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510365853
Gunderson, J. G., & Sabo, A. N. (1993). The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD.American Journal of Psychiatry,150, 19–27.
Hamberger, L. K., & Hastings, J. E. (1986). Personality correlates of men who abuse partners: A cross-validation study. Journal of Family Violence, 1(4), 323–341. doi:10.1007/BF00978276
Hamberger, L. K., Lohr, J. M., & Gottlieb, M. (2000). Predictors of Treatment Dropout from a Spouse Abuse Abatement Program. Behavior Modification, 24(4), 528–552. doi:10.1177/0145445500244003
Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Meehan, J. C. (2004). Typologies of men who are maritally violent: Scientific and clinical implications. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(12), 1369–1389. doi:10.1177/0886260504269693
Henning, K., & Holdford, R. (2006). Minimization, Denial, and Victim Blaming by Batterers: How Much Does the Truth Matter?Criminal Justice and Behavior,33(1), 110–130.https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854805282322
Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Meehan, J. C. (2004). Typologies of men who are maritally violent: Scientific and clinical implications.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,19(12), 1369–1389.https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504269693
Johnson, W. L., Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2015). The Age–IPV Curve: Changes in the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence During Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(3), 708–726. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0158-z
Kasowski, A. E., & Anderson, J. L. (2019). The association between sexually aggressive cognitions and pathological personality traits in men. Violence Against Women, 26(12–13), 1636–1655. doi:10.1177/1077801219873436.
Korobov, N. (2020). A discursive psychological approach to deflection in romantic couples’ everyday arguments.Qualitative Psychology.https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000161
Krahé, B., & Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2015). Mapping an agenda for the study of youth sexual aggression in Europe: Assessment, principles of good practice, and the multilevel analysis of risk factors. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 22(2), 161–176. doi:10.1080/13552600.2015.1066885
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2011). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(09), 1879–1890. doi:10.1017/s0033291711002674
Kuijpers, K. F., Knaap, L. M., Winkel, F. W., Pem-berton, A., & Baldry, A. C. (2010). Borderline traits and symptoms of post-traumatic stress in a sample of female victims of intimate partner violence.Stress and Health,27(3), 206-215.https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1331
LaMotte, A. D., & Murphy, C. M. (2017). Trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and dissociative experiences during men’s intimate part-ner violence perpetration.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,9(5),567–574.https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000205
Lu, Y., Shorey, R. C., Greeley, C. S., & Temple, J. R.(2019). Childhood physical abuse and physical dating violence in young adulthood: The mediating role of adverse mental health.Journal of Clinical Psychology,75(10), 1916–1929.https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22827
Mager, K. L., Bresin, K., & Verona, E. (2014). Gender, psychopathy factors, and intimate partner violence.Personality Disorders,5, 257–267.https://doi.org/10.1037/per000007A
Markon, K.E., Quilty, L.C., Bagby, R.M., & Krueger, R.F. (2013). The development and psychometric properties of an informant-report form of the PID-5. Assessment, 20(3), 370–383. doi:10.1177/1073191113486513
Ménard, K. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2014). Child maltreatment, personality pathology, and stalking victimization among male and female college students.Violence and Victims,29(2), 300–316.https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00098r1
Miano,P.,Bellomare,M.,&Genova,V.G. (2021). Personality correlates of gaslighting behaviors in young adults. Journal of Sexual Aggression,27(3), 285–298.https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2020.1850893
Morgan, W., & Gilchrist, E. (2010). Risk assessment with intimate partner sex offenders.Journal of Sexual Aggression,16(3), 361–372.https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.502976
Moskowitz, A. (2004). Dissociation and violence: A review of the literature.Trauma, Violence& Abuse,5(1), 21–46.https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838003259321
Pico-Alfonso, M. A., Echeburúa, E., & Martinez, M.(2008). Personality disorder symptoms in women as a result of chronic intimate male partner violence. Journal of Family Violence,23(7), 577–588.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9180-9
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