Abstract
Vanadium is a multivalent element that can speciate as V2+, V3+, V4+, and V5+ over a range of geologically relevant oxygen fugacities
Acknowledgments and Funding
We thank T. Gooding for his assistance with sample preparation and lab maintenance, R. Wardell for help on the Raman and T. Rose for his oversight of the analytical laboratories. Conversations with M. Ackerson helped shape our discussion of TiO2. We are grateful for editorial handling by K. Kiseeva and thorough reviews by P. Sossi, R. Arató, and anonymous reviewer, which improved the quality of this manuscript. This study was made possible by a Smithsonian Peter Buck Fellowship to M.H. and a gift from the Lyda Hill Foundation to E.C.
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