Metallogenic characteristics of superimposed deformation and mineralization of Dahongliutan granite-pegmatite type lithium deposit belt in West Kunlun, Xinjiang: Constraints from ore structure, 3D imaging technology and chronology
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摘要:
花岗伟晶岩型矿床是大陆演化的直接产物, 这类矿床易受后期岩浆、构造、变质等地质作用影响, 使得矿床自身发生改造变形导致叠加改造成矿。叠加改造成矿不仅可以活化原有矿体, 还有可能带来新的成矿物质。聚焦花岗伟晶岩型矿床的叠加改造成矿过程解析有助于建立潜力矿集区勘查指标和部署找矿靶区。新疆西昆仑大红柳滩花岗伟晶岩型锂矿带是我国近年新发现的重要的稀有金属伟晶岩成矿带之一。我们通过细致的野外调查, 发现了西昆仑大红柳滩花岗伟晶岩型锂矿带较好地保存了晚期韧性变形细粒锂辉石伟晶岩-细晶岩和岩脉截切早期粗粒锂辉石伟晶岩岩脉的现象。通过岩芯CT三维扫描技术, 本文揭示了强变形带相对于粗粒锂辉石伟晶岩中锂辉石整体体积含量较大的现象, 并且发现韧性变形的锂辉石伟晶岩主体由"书斜"结构的锂辉石、"云母鱼"结构的锂云母和重结晶的石英流动带组成。韧性变形的锂辉石伟晶岩中铌钽铁矿的U-Pb定年结果为~193±0.89Ma, 具"云母鱼"结构的锂云母的原位Rb-Sr定年结果为~187Ma, 指示区域上除了广泛存在的212~206Ma (铌钽铁矿U-Pb定年结果)的成矿事件, 还存在193~187Ma左右的叠加改造成矿作用。结合区域上的大地构造背景, 我们推测晚期岩浆穹窿造成的拆离断层是早期岩浆活动形成的伟晶岩和围岩发生二次韧性变形活化的可能成因, 这对区域上的找矿勘查部署提供了一定的科学指导。
Abstract:The granite pegmatite ore deposits are products from continental evolution, which are easily influenced by subsequent geological processes such as magmatic, structural and metamorphic activities that easily lead to a superimposed deformation and mineralization of them. This superimposed mineralization not only can reactivate the original mineral bodies but also might introduce new ore-forming materials. Analyzing the superimposed mineralization process of the granite pegmatite-type ore deposits can yield comprehensive exploration criteria and facilitate strategic mining deployment in potential ore cluster areas. The Dahongliutan granite pegmatite lithium ore belt in the West Kunlun of Xinjiang is one of the important rare metal pegmatite mineralization belts discovered in recent years. Through detailed field surveys, we have discovered that the Dahongliutan granite pegmatite lithium ore belt preserves detailed records of a late-stage ductile superimposed mineralization where fine-grained spodumene pegmatite veins crosscut early-stage coarse-grained spodumene pegmatite veins. By utilizing CT three-dimensional scanning technology on the drilling core, we found that the spodumene with significant overall volume contents occurred within the strongly deformed zone. The main body of ductilely deformed spodumene pegmatite consists of a 'bookshelf' structure spodumene, a 'mica fish' structure lepidolite, and recrystallized quartz flow bands. The U-Pb dating of the niobium-tantalum minerals in the ductilely deformed spodumene pegmatite demonstrated a late superimposed mineralization event at ca. 193Ma. In situ Rb-Sr dating on the lepidolite with 'mica fish' structure also indicated a similar age around 195Ma. The aforementioned evidence supports a superimposed alteration and mineralization event postdating the widely occurring 212~206Ma (U-Pb dating of niobium-tantalum-iron minerals) mineralization event in this region. Considering the regional tectonic background, we speculate that detachment faults caused by late-stage magmatic doming resulted in the secondary ductile deformation of earlier-formed pegmatite and surrounding rocks. Thus, it can provide a certain scientific guiding direction for mineral exploration deployment in the Dahongliutan region.
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Key words:
- West Kunlun /
- Pegmatite Li deposit /
- Superimposed mineralization /
- Ore structure
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图 1
西昆仑区域地质简图(据乔耿彪等，2015；魏小鹏等，2017；丁坤等，2020；Wang et al.，2020；Zhou et al.，2021；Yan et al.，2022)
Figure 1.
Geological map of the Western Kunlun region (after Qiao et al., 2015; Wei et al., 2017; Ding et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2021; Yan et al., 2022)
图 3
大红柳滩伟晶岩矿集区矿区地质图(据金谋顺等，2019)
Figure 3.
Geological map of the Dahongliutan pegmatite ore deposit (after Jin et al., 2019)
图 4
大红柳滩伟晶岩矿集区典型伟晶岩矿床矿体空间分布图(据唐俊林，2022)
Figure 4.
Spatial distribution of typical pegmatite orebodies in the Dahongliutan area (after Tan et al., 2022)
图 5
大红柳滩伟晶岩矿集区典型叠加改造锂辉石矿石的手标本与显微照片特征
Figure 5.
Hand specimen and microscopic characteristics of typical superimposed modified spodumene ore in the Dahongliutan pegmatite ore cluster area
图 6
典型叠加改造锂辉石矿石的3D成像特征
Figure 6.
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging features of typical superimposed modified spodumene ore
图 7
典型叠加改造锂辉石伟晶岩样品的矿物自动分析数据结果
Figure 7.
Automated mineral analysis data results of typical superimposed modified spodumene pegmatite sample
图 8
典型叠加改造锂辉石中云母原位Rb-Sr定年等时线图
Figure 8.
In situ Rb-Sr dating of mica in typical spodumene pegmatite sample
图 9
典型叠加改造锂辉石矿石中铌钽铁矿的U-Pb年龄图
Figure 9.
U-Pb age of niobium-tantalum minerals in typical spodumene pegmatite sample
图 10
大红柳滩地区伟晶岩矿床成矿年龄统计图
Figure 10.
Statistical figure of metallogenic ages in the Dahongliutan area
表 1
新疆西昆仑大红柳滩地区主要锂矿一览表
Table 1.
Statistical table of main lithium minerals in Dahongliutan area of West Kunlun, Xinjiang
矿床类型 矿化带 矿床 资源量(万t氧化锂) 平均品位(%) 文献来源 花岗伟晶岩型 白龙山-雪凤岭锂矿化带 阿克塔斯锂矿 8.57 1.48 周兵等，2011 阿合栏杆锂矿 0.90~1.80 王核等，2023 白龙山锂矿 506 1.26~1.60 王核等，2017；冯京等，2021 509道班西锂矿 23.86 0.85~2.93 彭海练等，2018 白龙山北(503锂矿) 505锂矿 1.06 2.29 李侃等，2019 雪凤岭锂矿 12.66 1.53~3.74 王核等，2020 龙门山锂矿 68 0.57~1.83 冯京等，2021 俘虏沟-双牙锂矿化带 俘虏沟1号脉锂矿 55~60 1.19~3.87 冯京等，2021；李侃等，2019 俘虏沟2号脉锂矿 13.73 0.96~2.46 李侃等，2019 白龙山南锂矿 0.94~3.41 王核等，2023 冰舟锂矿 0.96~2.46 王核等，2023 雪盆锂矿 36.29 2.24 王核等，2020 双牙锂矿 22.94 1.96 王核等，2020 
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表 2
大红柳滩地区强韧性变形锂辉石伟晶岩中云母的原位Rb-Sr定年数据结果
Table 2.
In-situ Rb-Sr dating data of micas in strongly ductile deformed spodumene pegmatite in Dahongliutan area
测点号 
±1σ MG 
±1σ_BHVO-2G 测点号 
±1σ_MG 
±1σ_BHVO-2G B34@1 23893.7 2346.9 59.1 1.7 B34@32 19501.8 2207.7 50.2 2.5 B34@2 25639.8 5780.9 76.4 4.7 B34@33 34060.3 3447.0 82.1 2.7 B34@3 37062.0 3262.5 102.5 3.2 B34@34 38224.7 5059.8 91.0 3.3 B34@4 42027.0 3925.9 97.7 1.8 B34@35 36024.2 5373.2 103.4 3.7 B34@5 4595.6 388.7 12.3 0.4 B34@36 25462.9 1556.3 71.5 1.7 B34@6 52640.0 8816.8 111.6 4.7 B34@37 34525.3 4387.0 79.9 2.0 B34@7 38492.3 4176.7 89.8 2.6 B34@38 13530.3 1795.9 33.5 1.2 B34@8 52145.5 7226.5 123.4 4.7 B34@39 31813.2 4662.3 89.6 3.0 B34@9 52034.1 8698.0 112.6 4.8 B34@40 21506.3 1936.1 59.7 2.5 B34@10 22344.8 2009.9 46.9 0.9 B34@41 32138.2 4463.3 71.3 3.1 B34@11 51748.1 6309.8 119.3 4.5 B34@42 3065.4 419.6 8.3 0.4 B34@12 33240.7 2474.8 84.2 1.8 B34@43 16104.8 1970.0 40.5 1.6 B34@13 29942.2 3870.4 73.6 2.3 B34@44 26395.0 1978.3 79.1 2.8 B34@14 37345.2 3925.0 86.1 2.3 B34@45 22545.7 1785.7 55.8 1.7 B34@15 28760.2 3505.1 72.2 2.9 B34@46 16038.0 1541.9 36.2 0.8 B34@16 54225.4 7450.0 125.1 5.4 B34@47 24513.3 2048.5 73.6 2.5 B34@17 19471.2 1542.2 48.4 1.3 B34@48 18804.0 1573.4 43.6 1.3 B34@18 11442.7 829.6 31.2 0.7 B34@49 20693.9 1902.6 56.2 2.2 B34@19 14677.3 1259.5 37.2 0.7 B34@50 43043.1 2890.2 96.5 2.6 B34@20 20286.9 2860.3 52.1 2.0 B34@51 28730.8 4085.5 88.1 3.8 B34@21 25936.7 2366.8 65.8 1.8 B34@52 27058.3 1536.4 78.5 2.3 B34@22 34621.4 4312.7 77.5 2.4 B34@53 25318.7 1277.2 62.5 2.0 B34@23 33296.0 4128.9 79.5 2.6 B34@54 25184.6 1685.2 71.7 2.3 B34@24 25777.5 3703.5 66.9 2.2 B34@55 13955.9 1282.3 36.5 0.7 B34@25 25609.8 1977.2 55.3 1.4 B34@56 29016.6 3551.1 93.4 3.0 B34@26 41839.6 4372.7 93.5 2.9 B34@57 24022.0 878.5 80.8 1.8 B34@27 2346.6 149.5 6.3 0.1 B34@58 29939.4 4295.8 79.7 2.7 B34@28 13314.0 1039.3 31.6 0.6 B34@59 42425.5 3235.6 93.6 2.8 B34@29 16491.4 1159.4 39.2 0.7 B34@60 30442.8 3875.8 74.5 2.0 B34@30 14246.2 771.0 36.0 0.6 B34@61 29676.2 3670.9 75.3 3.0 B34@31 22671.1 1592.4 58.2 1.3 B34@62 22708.2 1693.4 66.5 1.9
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表 3
大红柳滩地区强韧性变形锂辉石伟晶岩中铌钽铁矿的U-Pb定年数据结果
Table 3.
U-Pb dating data of columbite-tantalite in strongly ductile deformed spodumene pegmatite in Dahongliutan area
测点号 同位素比值 同位素年龄(Ma) 谐和度 
1σ 
1σ 
1σ 
1σ 
1σ 
1σ 23BLS10-1 0.21656 0.01293 0.03094 0.00067 0.05170 0.00303 272 168 199 11 196 4 98% 23BLS10-2 0.21251 0.00854 0.03086 0.00055 0.05049 0.00198 217 91 196 7 196 3 99% 23BLS10-3 0.20448 0.01092 0.03068 0.00070 0.04961 0.00267 189 117 189 9 195 4 96% 23BLS10-4 0.20597 0.00877 0.03028 0.00059 0.05034 0.00213 217 95 190 7 192 4 98% 23BLS10-5 0.20560 0.00796 0.03055 0.00058 0.04931 0.00179 161 86 190 7 194 4 97% 23BLS10-6 0.20421 0.00771 0.03005 0.00052 0.05021 0.00195 206 90 189 7 191 3 98% 23BLS10-7 0.20491 0.01382 0.03012 0.00068 0.04990 0.00318 191 148 189 12 191 4 98% 23BLS10-8 0.20495 0.00558 0.02974 0.00044 0.05033 0.00131 209 60 189 5 189 3 99% 23BLS10-9 0.20948 0.00579 0.02962 0.00045 0.05188 0.00143 280 63 193 5 188 3 97% 23BLS10-10 0.21675 0.00887 0.03008 0.00051 0.05364 0.00243 367 99 199 7 191 3 95% 23BLS10-11 0.20687 0.00824 0.03031 0.00052 0.04992 0.00197 191 92 191 7 193 3 99% 23BLS10-12 0.22181 0.00798 0.03068 0.00056 0.05297 0.00182 328 78 203 7 195 3 95% 23BLS10-13 0.20595 0.01032 0.03067 0.00059 0.05014 0.00272 211 119 190 9 195 4 97% 23BLS10-14 0.21004 0.00986 0.03102 0.00065 0.05071 0.00260 228 119 194 8 197 4 98%
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表 4
大红柳滩稀有金属伟晶岩矿集区岩体与成矿年龄数据统计表
Table 4.
Statistical table of plutons and metallogenic age data in Dahongliutan rare metal pegmatite ore area
矿区 岩性 定年方法 年龄(Ma) 参考文献 大红柳滩 二长花岗岩 SHRIMP 220 乔耿彪等, 2015 大红柳滩 二长花岗岩 SHRIMP 217 乔耿彪等, 2015 大红柳滩 二云母花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 210 魏小鹏等, 2017 大红柳滩 黑云母花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 213 Ding et al., 2019 大红柳滩 黑云母花岗岩 锆石U-Pb 217 唐俊林等, 2022 大红柳滩 细晶花岗岩 锆石U-Pb 210 唐俊林等, 2022 大红柳滩 二云母二长花岗岩 锆石U-Pb 216 唐俊林等, 2022 大红柳滩岩体 二长花岗岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 220 乔耿彪等，2015 大红柳滩岩体 二长花岗岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 217 乔耿彪等，2015 大红柳滩岩体 二云母二长花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 210 魏小鹏等, 2017 大红柳滩岩体 二云母二长花岗岩 SIMS锆石U-Pb 218 Zhang et al., 2019 大红柳滩岩体 二云母二长花岗岩 SIMS锆石U-Pb 216 唐俊林等, 2022 大红柳滩岩体 二长花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS 200 Liu et al., 2020 大红柳滩岩体 伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS 195 Liu et al., 2020 白龙山矿床 二长花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 212 Wang et al., 2020 龙门山矿床 黑云母花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 217 唐俊林等, 2022 阿克塔斯90号脉 锂辉石伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 190. 邹天人和李庆昌, 2006 阿克塔斯90-1号脉 锂辉石伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 145 乔耿彪等，2020 509道班西矿床 伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 197 Gao et al., 2020 509道班西矿床 伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 152 王威等, 2022 509道班西矿床 伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 189 王威等, 2022 509道班西矿床 伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 185 李永等, 2022 509道班西矿床 伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 179 李永等, 2022 509道班西矿床 伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 183 李永等, 2022 509道班西矿床 伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 182 李永等, 2022 龙门山矿床 细晶花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 210 唐俊林等, 2022 阿克塔斯90-1号脉 锂辉石伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 144 Qiao et al., 2020 康西瓦 伟晶岩 锆石U-Pb 209 Zhang et al., 2019 大红柳滩 伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U-Pb 212 Yan et al., 2018 雪风岭 伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U-Pb 206 Yan et al., 2022 白龙山矿床 伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U-Pb 208 Wang et al., 2020 白龙山矿床 锂辉石伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS铌钽铁矿U-Pb 208 Wang et al., 2020 阿克塔斯90-1号脉 锂辉石伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS铌钽铁矿U-Pb 212 Yan et al., 2018 大红柳滩 伟晶岩 锡石U-Pb 218 Yan et al., 2018 大红柳滩 伟晶岩 锡石U-Pb 207 唐俊林等, 2022 阿克塔斯90-1号脉 锂辉石伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS锡石U-Pb 218 Yan et al., 2018 白龙山矿床 锂辉石伟晶岩 LA-MC-ICP-MS锡石U-Pb 224 李侃等, 2019 龙门山矿床 锂辉石伟晶岩 LA-MC-ICP-MS锡石U-Pb 211 唐俊林等, 2022 505矿床 伟晶岩 锡石LA-MC-ICP-MS 223 Gao et al., 2020 白龙山矿床 伟晶岩 独具石U-Pb 207 Yan et al., 2022 509道班西矿床 锂辉石伟晶岩 云母Ar-Ar 183 李永等, 2022 大红柳滩 含锂辉石钠长花岗伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 205 孔会磊等, 2023 大红柳滩 含锂辉石电气石花岗伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 205 孔会磊等, 2023 白龙山矿床 石英闪长岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 212 王核等, 2023 白龙山矿床 锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U-Pb 208 王核等, 2023 阿克塔斯90号脉 锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U-Pb 212 Yan et al., 2018 阿克塔斯90号脉 锂辉石伟晶岩 锡石U-Pb 218 Yan et al., 2018 康西瓦 伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 210 陈谋等, 2022 康西瓦 伟晶岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 208 陈谋等, 2022 大红柳滩 石榴石电气石二云母二长花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 214 何蕾等, 2023
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表 5
西昆仑区域地层中岩石里锂铍含量(据核工业二一六大队, 2019①)
Table 5.
Contents of lithium and beryllium in rocks of the strata of West Kunlun
地层 长城系 青白口系 奥陶系 志留系 泥盆系 石炭系 二叠系 三叠系 样品数 50 60 60 40 60 60 120 30 Be (×10-6) 3.85 0.33 0.68 1.79 0.15 1.16 1.13 0.60 Li (×10-6) 35.21 34.25 21.11 23.88 2.41 41.29 35.04 91.32
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