Fluid behaviors from the seismogenic region of Longmenshan fault zone, eastern Tibetan Plateau
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摘要:
震间期、同震期和震后期流体对断裂带物质的强度和运动性质起到重要作用。前人已识别出断裂带浅部区域流体对断层的弱化以及矿物沉淀导致的断层愈合, 然而对于断裂带深部流体的研究鲜有报道。为深入了解孕震区流体行为以及地震成核过程中流体对断层的影响, 本文以龙门山断裂带的映秀-北川断裂南段虹口乡八角庙村附近碎裂岩滑动带中石英和方解石脉为研究对象, 通过对断裂带脉体的显微构造、碳氧同位素和主量元素含量等分析, 开展地震相关脉体的特征结构、流体来源和矿物沉淀环境的研究。结果表明, 碎裂岩主滑移带由颜色结构不同的三层断层泥和细小的方解石条带组成, 在主滑动带边部和上盘碎裂岩中则分别发育了指示震间期、同震期和震后期三个阶段断层活动的脉体: (1)沿阶步生长的纤维状方解石脉和拉伸型柱状颗粒方解石脉; (2)断层泥楔入脉; (3)近等粒状方解石脉以及具有横向竞争生长结构的非等粒状方解石脉和石英脉。它们分别代表了震间期封闭的还原环境下的微滑动、同震外源高压流体注入以及震后开放的氧化环境至还原环境下的矿物沉淀。碳氧同位素结果表明主滑动带和碎裂岩方解石脉δ18OV-PDB值为-20.5‰~-20.3‰, 低于围岩碳酸钙胶结物, 表明方解石脉具有大气水来源特征。方解石沉淀温度结合地温梯度表明方解石脉的形成深度大于4km, 与碎裂岩形成深度及龙门山断裂带震源深度一致。该地区方解石脉和石英脉的研究深化了关于龙门山断裂带孕震区流体行为的理解, 并且对进一步认识震间期、同震期和震后期断层的强度变化机制具有重要意义。
Abstract:Fluid circulation controls the fault zone strength and motion properties during inter-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic periods. It has been recognized that fluids in the shallow parts of the fault zone not only weaken the fault but also heal the fault by mineral precipitation. However, research on fluid behavior at deep fault depths is rarely investigated. In this paper, we study an outcrop located in Bajiaomiao Village, Hongkou Town, southern segment of the Longmenshan Yingxiu-Beichuan fault through microstructure analyses, carbon and oxygen isotopes, as well as contents of major elements within the veins. We aim to deepen our understanding of fluid behavior in this seismogenic region, as well as how fluids affect faults in the earthquake nucleation processes. The main structure, fluid source, and environment of mineral precipitation of earthquake-related veins are clarified. Results show that the principal slip zone consists of three fault gouge layers and one calcite vein layer. The fault gouges have different colors and structures, with formation of fault gouge wedge veins. Three types of veins were formed in inter-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic periods respectively along the edge of the principal slip zone and in the cataclastic hanging wall: (1) calcite slickenfibres along fault steps and stretching calcite veins; (2) injection gouge veins; and (3) blocky calcite veins, elongated calcite veins, and quartz veins. These veins represent micro-slips in the closed reduction environment during the inter-seismic period, high-pressure fluid injection during the co-seismic period, and mineral precipitation in the open oxidation environment to the reduction environment after the earthquake, respectively. The carbon and oxygen isotope analysis results show that δ18OV-PDB values of calcite veins in the principal slip zone and cataclastic rocks are with the range of -20.5‰~-20.3‰, which are lower than that of the carbonate cements in the host rocks, suggesting that these calcite veins contain meteoric water source. Calcite precipitation temperature and geothermal gradient indicate that the calcite veins are formed at a depth >4km, which is consistent with the cataclastic rocks' formation depth as well as the hypocenter depth of the Longmenshan fault. The study of calcite and quartz veins in this area has deepened the understanding of fluid behavior in the Longmenshan fault seismogenic region, and has important implications for understanding the mechanism of fault strength variations during inter-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic periods.
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Key words:
- Longmenshan fault zone /
- Seismogenic region /
- Fluid behavior /
- Calcite vein /
- Quartz vein /
- Geochemistry
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图 1
龙门山及邻区地质构造图(据Wang et al., 2019修改)
Figure 1.
Geological structures of Longmenshan and adjacent areas (modified after Wang et al., 2019)
图 3
八角庙露头碎裂岩滑动带运动学特征和采样位置
Figure 3.
Motion characteristics and sampling positions of the fault at the Bajiaomiao cataclastic slip zone outcrop
图 4
八角庙碎裂岩主滑动带方解石脉和石英脉显微结构
Figure 4.
Microstructures of calcite and quartz veins in principal slip zone at the Bajiaomiao cataclastic outcrop
图 6
八角庙碎裂岩中方解石脉和石英脉显微结构
Figure 6.
Microstructures of calcite and quartz vein of the Bajiaomiao cataclastic rock
图 7
沿主滑动带近等粒状方解石脉和沿阶步生长的纤维脉显微结构
Figure 7.
Microstructures of calcite blocky veins and slickenfibres along the principal slip zone
图 8
沿主滑动带近等粒状方解石脉和沿阶步生长的纤维脉结构与形貌
Figure 8.
Structures and morphology of calcite blocky veins and slickenfibres along the principal slip zone
图 9
多期破裂-愈合方解石脉显微结构
Figure 9.
Microstructures of multi-stage crack-healing calcite veins
图 10
具有横向竞争生长的非等粒状结构方解石脉显微结构
Figure 10.
Microstructures of elongated blocky veins in the cataclastic rocks
图 12
砂岩围岩方解石胶结物和断裂带方解石脉的同位素特征
Figure 12.
Isotopic characteristics of calcite veins in fault and calcite cement in host sandstones
图 13
EMPA测定的方解石脉Mg、Fe和Mn元素含量
Figure 13.
Contents of Mg, Fe and Mn in calcite veins determined by EMPA
图 14
沿阶步生长的纤维脉(a)和拉伸型柱状颗粒脉(b)模式图
Figure 14.
Sketches of slickenfibres veins (a) and stretching veins (b)
图 15
地震周期中的流体循环和矿物脉结构
Figure 15.
Fluid circulation and structure of mineral veins in the earthquake cycle
表 1
龙门山断裂带八角庙剖面方解石脉和围岩的碳氧同位素值
Table 1.
Summary of the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of veins and host rock in the Longmenshan Bajiaomiao section
样品号 采样位置 类型 δ18OV-PDB δ18OV-SMOW δ13CV-PDB (‰) HKC-1 -20.3 10 0 HKC-2 碎裂岩 方解石脉 -20.5 9.8 0.3 HKC-3 -20.5 9.8 0.4 HKC-4 主滑动带 方解石脉 -20.4 9.9 -1.1 B105 -16.5 13.9 -1 B113 -11.3 19.3 0.2 B242 区域围岩 砂岩方解石
胶结物-12.2 18.3 2.4 B456 -12.1 18.4 2.4 B990 -12.2 18.3 2.3 
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表 2
龙门山断裂带八角庙剖面方解石脉EPMA元素含量(wt%)
Table 2.
EPMA element contents (wt%) of calcite vein in Longmenshan Bajiaomiao section
测试位置 点号 Mg Fe Mn 测试位置 点号 Mg Fe Mn cal-1 1 0.145 0.011 0.047 cal-4 1 0.309 0.029 0.067 cal-1 2 0.147 0.011 0.042 cal-4 2 0.303 0.030 0.062 cal-1 3 0.124 0.011 0.036 cal-4 3 0.306 0.030 0.071 cal-1 4 0.114 0.010 0.036 cal-4 4 0.311 0.030 0.064 cal-1 5 0.126 0.010 0.046 cal-4 5 0.319 0.030 0.062 cal-2 1 0.314 0.029 0.057 cal-5 1 0.291 0.026 0.044 cal-2 2 0.299 0.026 0.053 cal-5 2 0.296 0.026 0.041 cal-2 3 0.345 0.024 0.053 cal-5 3 0.316 0.025 0.040 cal-2 4 0.271 0.023 0.049 cal-5 4 0.297 0.026 0.041 cal-2 5 0.236 0.022 0.050 cal-5 5 0.273 0.023 0.041 cal-3 1 0.170 0.012 0.037 cal-6 1 0.303 0.026 0.054 cal-3 2 0.150 0.012 0.040 cal-6 2 0.340 0.028 0.054 cal-3 3 0.217 0.016 0.053 cal-6 3 0.314 0.030 0.063 cal-3 4 0.208 0.016 0.053 cal-6 4 0.356 0.029 0.061 cal-3 5 0.195 0.013 0.046 cal-6 5 0.345 0.030 0.053
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