Parallel Generation of Association Rules – Use Case: Psychometric Evaluation
Abstract
Mining of association rules consists of determining relations among variables in the form of rules in large databases, one of the algorithms most used to perform this task is the Apriori algorithm. This article proposes the parallelization of the Apriori algorithm applied to the Cattell’s questionnaire Sixteen Personality Factor, known as the 16PF questionnaire, to generate association rules among different questions. The use case used has a database that contains 49,150 questionnaires answered, with 163 questions per questionnaire. Results obtained show four times less execution time between the proposed parallel algorithm and the serial algorithm, in addition, the results show associations with confidence values greater than 97% (with two variables) and greater than 98% (with three variables), which it would be expected from the point of view of traditional psychology.
Keywords: rules of association, Apriori algorithm, parallelization, personality questionnaire
References
[1] Albert, D. William, K. Fayaz, and D. Veerabhadra Babu. “HSApriori: High Speed Association Rule Mining using Apriori Based Algorithm for GPU.” Int. J. of Multidisciplinary and Current research. 2014.
[2] Han, Jiawei, Jian Pei, and Yiwen Yin. “Mining frequent patterns without candidate generation.” ACM sigmod record. Vol. 29. No. 2. ACM. 2000.
[3] Zaki, Mohammed J., and Karam Gouda. “Fast vertical mining using diffsets.” Proceedings of the ninth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM. 2003.
[4] Rakesh Agrawal, Heikki Mannila, Ramakrishnan Srikant, Hannu Toivonen, and A. Inkeri Verkamo. “Fast discovery of association rules.” Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining. pp. 307-328. 1996.
[5] Karthikeyan, T., and N. Ravikumar. “A survey on association rule mining.” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering. 2014.
[6] Zhang, Fan, Yan Zhang, and Jason Bakos. “Gpapriori: Gpu-accelerated frequent itemset mining.” Cluster Computing (CLUSTER), 2011 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE. 2011.
[7] Albert, D. William, K. Fayaz, and D. Veerabhadra Babu. “HSApriori: High Speed Association Rule Mining using Apriori Based Algorithm for GPU.” Int. J. of Multidisciplinary and Current research. 2014.
[8] Spandana, K., D. Sirisha, and S. Shahida. “Parallelizing Apriori Algorithm on GPU.” International Journal of Computer Applications. 2016.
[9] Govindaraju, N., and M. Zaki. “Advances in Frequent Itemset Mining Implementations.” FIMI. 2003.
[10] Syed Khalid Perwez, Hamza Mohd Zubair, Muhammad Rukunuddin Ghalib, Kauser Ahmed and Mohammed Iftekhar, “Association Rule Mining Technique for Psychometric Personality Testing and Behaviour Prediction.” International Journal of Engineering & Technology”. 2013.
[11] Cattell, Raymond B., Cattell, A.K., and Cattell, H.E.P. 16PF Fifth Edition Questionnaire. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. 1993.
[12] Cattell, Raymond B. “Personality and motivation structure and measurement”. 1957.
[13] Conn, Steven R., and Mark L. Rieke, eds. 16PF fifth edition technical manual. Institute for Personality & Ability Testing, Incorporated. 1994.
[14] Phares, E.J.; Chaplin, W.F.. Introduction to personality (Fourth ed.). New York: Longman. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-673-99456-2. 1997.
[15] Feist, Jess Feist, Gregory J. Theories of personality (7th ed. ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978- 0073382708. 2009.
[16] Kahn, Michael. Basic Freud: psychoanalytic thought for the twenty first century (1. paperback ed. ed.). New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465037162.. 2002.
[17] Cheney, W. David Pierce, Carl D. Behavior analysis and learning (4th ed. ed.). New York, NY: Psychology Press.ISBN 9780805862607. 2008.
[18] Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Company. 1937.
[19] Vernon, P. E., and Vernon, P. E. Personality assessment: A critical survey. London: Methuen. 1964.
[20] Baumeister, Roy F., Kathleen D. Vohs, and David C. Funder. “Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: Whatever happened to actual behavior?.” Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2007.
[21] Cattell, Heather EP, and Alan D. Mead. “The sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16PF).” The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment. 2008.
[22] Butcher, James N., Jeanette Taylor, and G. Cynthia Fekken. “Objective Personality Assessment with Adults” Comprehensive Clinical Psychology: Assessment. 1998.
[23] Fehriinger, Heather M. “Contributions and limitations of Cattell’s sixteen personality factor model.” 2004.