Iron Deficiency Anemia: a burden for world health
Keywords:
Iron deficiency anemia, Hemoglobin, Iron supplementation, fortification of staple foods, Child and maternal mortality
Abstract
Anemia is the world’s second leading cause of disability and is responsible for about 1 million deaths a year, of which three-quarters occur in Africa and South-east Asia. India is among the countries with highest prevalence of anemia and accounts for the largest number of anemic persons in the world. The magnitude of reduction in the prevalence of anemia during nineties in India is lower than that in neighboring south and south East Asian countries. Strategy to prevent and correct iron deficiency anemia, must include measures to increase iron intake through various approaches, iron supplementation and improved health services and sanitation. We hope that this analysis will help health specialists and policymakers to facilitate formulation of strategies to further reduce anemia burden.
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References
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39. Oppenheimer SJ, Gibson FD,Macfarlane SB, et al. Iron supplementation increases prevalence and eff ects of malaria: report on clinical studies in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986; 80: 603–12.
40. Smith AW, Hendrickse RG, Harrison C, Hayes RJ, Greenwood BM. The eff ects on malaria of treatment of iron-defi ciency anemia with oral iron in Gambian children. Ann Trop Paediatr 1989; 9: 17–23.
41. Gretchen A Stevens, Mariel M Finucane, Luz Maria De-Regil, Christopher J Paciorek, Seth R Flaxman, Francesco Branca, Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas,Zulfi qar A Bhutta, Majid Ezzati, on behalf of Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (Anemia), Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data, Lancet Glob Health 2013; 1: e16–25
42. Balarajan Y, Ramakrishnan U, Ozaltin E, Shankar AH, Subramanian SV. Anemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2011; 378: 2123–35.
43. Thomas D, Frankenberg E, Friedman J, et al. Causal eff ect of health on labor market outcomes : experimental evidence. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, 2006.
44. Stevens GA, Finucane MM, Paciorek CJ, et al. Trends in mild, moderate, and severe stunting and underweight, and progress towards MDG 1 in 141 developing countries: a systematic analysis of population representative data. Lancet 2012; 380: 824–34.
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46. WHO. Weekly iron and folic acid supplementation programmes for women of reproductive age. Manila: World Health Organization, 2011
47. WHO. Prevention of iron defi ciency anemia in adolescents: role of weekly iron and folic acid supplementation. New Delhi: World Health Organization, 2011
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54. Ramesh V, Minakshi Kharb, Shiv Parsad Yadav, Vikas Chaudhary, Ruchi, Ajay. Prevelence of anemia amoung adolescents under IBSY in rural block of Disst. Of northeren India. IJSSIR,2013; 2 (9), 95-106.
55. Sant-Rayn Pasricha,Hal Drakesmith, James Black,David Hipgrave,and Beverley-Ann Biggs,Control of iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries Blood, April 4, 2013; 121 (14): 2607-2617
56. Agarwal KN, Agarwal DK, Sharma A, Sharma K, Prasad K, Kalita MC, Khetarpaul N, Kapoor AC, Vijayalekshmi L, Govilla AK, Panda SM, Kumari P, Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant & lactating women in India, Indian J Med Res. 2006 Aug;124(2):173-84.
2. World Health Organization. Anemia. WHO (2010). Cited from: http://www.who.int/vmnis/indicators/haemoglobin.pdfon 19th May 2014.
3. Sachdev H, Gera T, Nestel P. Effect of iron supplementation on mental and motor development in children: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(2):117–132.
4. Glazer Y, Bilenko N. Effect of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in the first two years of life on cognitive and mental development during childhood. Harefuah. 2010;149(5):309–314, 335.
5. Haas JD, Fairchild MW. Summary and conclusions of the International Conference on Iron Deficiency and Behavioral Development, October 10-12, 1988. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50(3):703–705
6. Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB. Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem. Bull World Health Organ 2001;79: 704–12.
7. Bhutta Z, Ahmed T, Black RE, et al. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 2008; 371: 417–40.
8. Pena-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Dowswell T, Viteri FE. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 7: CD009997.
9. De-Regil LM, Jeff erds MED, Sylvetsky AC, Dowswell T. Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 12: CD009085.
10. De-Regil LM, Suchdev PS, Vist GE, Walleser S, Pena-Rosas JP. Home fortifi cation of foods with multiple micronutrient powders for health and nutrition in children under two years of age.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 9: CD008959
11. Korenromp EL, Armstrong-Schellenberg JRM, Williams BG, Nahlen BL, Snow RW. Impact of malaria control on childhood anemia in Africa—a quantitative review. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9: 1050–65.
12. Regan M. The impact of malaria prevention interventions on hemoglobin levels of pregnant women and children in sub-Saharan Africa: a quantitative review. Berkeley: University of California Berkeley, 2011.
13. King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 2005; 365: 1561–69.
14. Smith JL, Brooker S. Impact of hookworm infection and deworming on anemia in non-pregnant populations: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15: 776–95.
15. Tolentino K, Friedman JF. An update on anemia in less developed countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 77: 44–51.
16. Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, et al. Worldwide Prevalence of Anemia 1993-2005. Geneva,Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008.
17. McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I et al. Worldwide prevalence of anemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993–2005.
18. World Health Organization /UNICEF/UNU. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization;2001.
19. Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Rashmi Jasrasaria, Mohsen Naghavi, Sarah K. Wulf, Nicole Johns, Rafael, Lozano, Mathilda Regan, David Weatherall, David P. Chou, Thomas P. Eisele, Seth R. Okebe JU, Yahav D, Shbita R, Paul M. Oral iron supplements for children in malaria-endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;10: CD006589.
20. Guidelines for Control of Iron Deficiency Anemia, Adolescent Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India,2013
21. Mathers C, Steven G, Mascarenhas M. Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2009.
22. Horton S, Ross J. The economics of iron deficiency. Food Policy. 2003;28:51-75.
23. Shobha S, Sharada D. Efficacy of twice weekly iron supplementation in anemic adolescent girls. Indian Paediatr 2003; 40: 1186-90.
24. National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, Diet and Nutritional Status of Rural Population and Prevalence of Hypertension among adults in Rural Areas, NNMB Technical Report No.24, 2006, NNMB, NIN, Hyderabad.
25. Rasmussen KM. Is There a Causal Relationship between Iron Deficiency or Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Weight at Birth, Length of Gestation and Perinatal Mortality? J. Nutr. 2001;131(2):590S–603S.
26. Brabin BJ, Hakimi M, Pelletier D. An Analysis of Anemia and Pregnancy-Related Maternal Mortality.J. Nutr. 2001;131(2):604S–615S.
27. Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F. An Analysis of Anemia and Child Mortality. J. Nutr. 2001; 131(2):636S–648S
28. Dunne JR, Malone D, Tracy JK, Gannon C, Napolitano LM. Perioperative Anemia: An Independent Risk Factor for Infection, Mortality, and Resource Utilization in Surgery. Journal of Surgical Research. 2002;102(2):237–244
29. Anand IS. Anemia and Chronic Heart FailureImplications and Treatment Options. J Am Coll Cardiol.2008;52(7):501–511.
30. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2095–128.
31. UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO, World Bank. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
32. Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet 2012; 379: 2151–61.
33. Stoltzfus RJ, Mullany L, Black RE. Iron defi ciency anemia. In: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL, eds. Comparative quantifi cation of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004: 163–210.
34. Kozuki N, Lee AC, Katz J. Moderate to severe, but not mild, maternal anemia is associated with increased risk of small-for-gestational-age outcomes. J Nutr 2012; 142: 358–62.
35. Zhang Q, Ananth CV, Rhoads GG, Li Z. The impact of maternal anemia on perinatal mortality: a population-based, prospective cohort study in China. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19: 793–99.
36. Steer PJ. Maternal hemoglobin concentration and birth weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1285S–7S.
37. Nayar PD, Mehta R. Child Health. In: Gupta P, Ghai OP, Editors. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 2nd ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2007; 428-37.
38. Sazawal S, Black RE, Ramsan M, et al. Eff ects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367: 133–43.
39. Oppenheimer SJ, Gibson FD,Macfarlane SB, et al. Iron supplementation increases prevalence and eff ects of malaria: report on clinical studies in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986; 80: 603–12.
40. Smith AW, Hendrickse RG, Harrison C, Hayes RJ, Greenwood BM. The eff ects on malaria of treatment of iron-defi ciency anemia with oral iron in Gambian children. Ann Trop Paediatr 1989; 9: 17–23.
41. Gretchen A Stevens, Mariel M Finucane, Luz Maria De-Regil, Christopher J Paciorek, Seth R Flaxman, Francesco Branca, Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas,Zulfi qar A Bhutta, Majid Ezzati, on behalf of Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (Anemia), Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data, Lancet Glob Health 2013; 1: e16–25
42. Balarajan Y, Ramakrishnan U, Ozaltin E, Shankar AH, Subramanian SV. Anemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2011; 378: 2123–35.
43. Thomas D, Frankenberg E, Friedman J, et al. Causal eff ect of health on labor market outcomes : experimental evidence. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, 2006.
44. Stevens GA, Finucane MM, Paciorek CJ, et al. Trends in mild, moderate, and severe stunting and underweight, and progress towards MDG 1 in 141 developing countries: a systematic analysis of population representative data. Lancet 2012; 380: 824–34.
45. Klemm RD, Sommerfelt AE, Boyo A, et al. Are we making progress on reducing anemia in women? Washington DC: AED, 2011.
46. WHO. Weekly iron and folic acid supplementation programmes for women of reproductive age. Manila: World Health Organization, 2011
47. WHO. Prevention of iron defi ciency anemia in adolescents: role of weekly iron and folic acid supplementation. New Delhi: World Health Organization, 2011
48. Lutter CK, Daelmans BMEG, De Onis M, et al. Undernutrition, poor feeding practices, and low coverage of key nutrition interventions. Pediatrics 2011; 128: e1418–27.
49. Flour Fortifi cation Initiative. Global Progress. 2012.
50. WHO. Guideline: use of multiple micronutrient powders for home fortifi cation of foods consumed by infants and children 6–23 months of age. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
51. World Health Organization. Guideline: intermittent iron supplementation in preschool and school-age children. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
52. 12 by 12 Initiative programme - Government of India, World Health Organization,United Nation,India Children Education Fund& Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India.
53. Kumar R, Anemia: A Common Health Problem, Consequence and Diet Management among Young Children and Pregnant Women Biological Forum – An International Journal 6(1): 24-29(2014).
54. Ramesh V, Minakshi Kharb, Shiv Parsad Yadav, Vikas Chaudhary, Ruchi, Ajay. Prevelence of anemia amoung adolescents under IBSY in rural block of Disst. Of northeren India. IJSSIR,2013; 2 (9), 95-106.
55. Sant-Rayn Pasricha,Hal Drakesmith, James Black,David Hipgrave,and Beverley-Ann Biggs,Control of iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries Blood, April 4, 2013; 121 (14): 2607-2617
56. Agarwal KN, Agarwal DK, Sharma A, Sharma K, Prasad K, Kalita MC, Khetarpaul N, Kapoor AC, Vijayalekshmi L, Govilla AK, Panda SM, Kumari P, Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant & lactating women in India, Indian J Med Res. 2006 Aug;124(2):173-84.
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijphr.2014.i1.06
Published: 2014-06-30
How to Cite
Kumar, R., & S Sagar, C. (2014). Iron Deficiency Anemia: a burden for world health. Public Health Review: International Journal of Public Health Research, 1(1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.17511/ijphr.2014.i1.06
Section
Review Article
Copyright (c) 2014 Author (s). Published by Siddharth Health Research and Social Welfare Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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