Abstract
This paper discusses the one-city monopoly phenomenon in Turkey from 2007 to 2018 from inequality. For this purpose, Theil Inequality Index is calculated for the NUTS3 level, and a significant gap between İstanbul and other cities is obtained. Then, club convergence analysis and clustering procedure are applied. According to the finding, the overall country’s convergence hypothesis is rejected, and 75 of 81 cities have converged into six clubs. In these heterogeneous convergence clubs, İstanbul has confirmed the one-city monopoly characteristics while diverging from others, both in its great strength and the risks the city confronts.
Keywords
One-City Monopoly Phenomenon Inequality Unbalanced Regional Development Club Convergence Analysis Theil Index
References
- Aksoy, T. et al. (2019), “Revisiting income convergence in Turkey: Are there convergence clubs?”, Growth and Change, 50, 1-33.
- Azari, M. et al. (2016), “The effect of agglomeration on the productivity of urban manufacturing sectors in a leading emerging economy”, Economic Systems, 40(3), 422-432.
- Başarmak, H. & K. Öktem (2019), “Küreselleşme Sürecinde Kentselliğin Dönüşümü: Toplumsal, Teknolojik ve Mekânsal Süreçler Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2(2), 284-300.
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- Chen, K. et al. (2020), “Land use transition and urban-rural integrated development: Theoretical framework and China’s evidence”, Land Use Policy, 92, 1-12.
- De Neve, J. & C. Krekel (2020), “Cities and Happiness: A Global Ranking and Analysis”, World Happiness Report, Chapter 3, 47-67.
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- Gezici, F. & G. Hewings (2007), “Spatial Analysis of Regional Inequalities in Turkey”, European Planning Studies, 15(3), 383-403.
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- Numbeo (N/A), Quality of life index for country 2020, <https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp>, 9.11.2021.
- OECD (2020), OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, 1-166.
- Pan, W. et al. (2020), “Regional Poverty and Inequality in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou City Cluster in China Based on NPP/VIIRS Night-Time Light Imagery”, Sustainability, 12(6), 2547.
- Partridge, M.D. & D.S. Rickman (2008), “Distance from urban agglomeration economies and rural poverty”, Journal of Regional Science, 48(2), 285-310.
- Philips, P. & D. Sul (2007), “Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests”, Econometrica, 75(6), 1771-1855.
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- Quintana, D.C. & V. Royuela (2014), “Tracking positive and negative effects of inequality on long-run growth”, Universitat De Barcelona Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Paper, 01, 1-30.
- Shi, Y. et al. (2020), “The ‘one-city monopoly index’: Measurement and empirical analysis of China”, Cities, 96, 1-12.
- Statista (N/A), <https://www.statista.com/statistics/521886/travel-time-spent-work-study-countries/>, 9.11.2021.
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- Turkish Statistical Institute (N/A), <www.turkstat.gov.tr/>, 01.03.2020 & 22.06.2020.
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- Zhao, S. et al. (2017), “Megacities, the World’s Largest Cities Unleashed: Major Trends and Dynamics in Contemporary Global Urban Development”, World Development, 98, 257-289.
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye için monopol şehir olgusu, 2007 ve 2018 dönemi için eşitsizlik perspektifinden analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla Theil indeksi 81 il için hesaplanmış ve İstanbul ile diğer şehirler arasında belirgin bir farklılık bulunmuştur. Devamında, kulüp yakınsaması ve kümeleme analizi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, tam yakınsamayı ifade eden temel hipotez reddedilmiş ve 81 şehrin 75’ini kapsayan 6 yakınsama kulübü elde edilmiştir. İstanbul, heterojen yapıdaki bu yakınsama kulüplerinde yer almamıştır. İstanbul diğer şehirlerden ıraksadığını pozitif anlamda sahip olduğu güçle, negatif anlamda da üstlendiği risklerle göstererek monopol şehir olma özelliğini kanıtlamıştır.
Keywords
Monopol Şehir Olgusu Eşitsizlik Bölgesel Eşitsiz Kalkınma Kulüp Yakınsama Analizi Theil İndeksi
References
- Aksoy, T. et al. (2019), “Revisiting income convergence in Turkey: Are there convergence clubs?”, Growth and Change, 50, 1-33.
- Azari, M. et al. (2016), “The effect of agglomeration on the productivity of urban manufacturing sectors in a leading emerging economy”, Economic Systems, 40(3), 422-432.
- Başarmak, H. & K. Öktem (2019), “Küreselleşme Sürecinde Kentselliğin Dönüşümü: Toplumsal, Teknolojik ve Mekânsal Süreçler Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2(2), 284-300.
- Blanchet, T. et al. (2020), “Why Is Europe More Equal Than the United States?”, PSE Working Papers, halshs-03022133, HAL, 1-93.
- Chen, K. et al. (2020), “Land use transition and urban-rural integrated development: Theoretical framework and China’s evidence”, Land Use Policy, 92, 1-12.
- De Neve, J. & C. Krekel (2020), “Cities and Happiness: A Global Ranking and Analysis”, World Happiness Report, Chapter 3, 47-67.
- Endeksa (N/A), <https://www.endeksa.com/en/analiz/istanbul/demografi>, 9.11.2021.
- Filiztekin, A. & M. Celik (2010), “Regional Income Inequality in Turkey”, Yildiz Technical University Faculty of Architecture E-Journal, 5(3), 116-127.
- Ganioglu, A. & U. Seven (2019), “Convergence in House Prices: Cross-Regional Evidence for Turkey”, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Working Paper, No: 19/14, 1-14.
- Gezici, F. & G. Hewings (2007), “Spatial Analysis of Regional Inequalities in Turkey”, European Planning Studies, 15(3), 383-403.
- Hazar, D. & E. Karakaya-Ayalp (2018), “Türkiye’de Bölgesel Yakınsama, Göç ve Faktör Hareketliliği”, Meltem İzmir Akdeniz Akademisi Dergisi, 102-105.
- Karahasan, B. (2020), “Winners and losers of rapid growth in Turkey: Analysis of the spatial variability of convergence”, Papers in Regional Science, 99(3), 603-644.
- Numbeo (N/A), Quality of life index for country 2020, <https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp>, 9.11.2021.
- OECD (2020), OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, 1-166.
- Pan, W. et al. (2020), “Regional Poverty and Inequality in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou City Cluster in China Based on NPP/VIIRS Night-Time Light Imagery”, Sustainability, 12(6), 2547.
- Partridge, M.D. & D.S. Rickman (2008), “Distance from urban agglomeration economies and rural poverty”, Journal of Regional Science, 48(2), 285-310.
- Philips, P. & D. Sul (2007), “Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests”, Econometrica, 75(6), 1771-1855.
- Potlogea, A.V. (2018), “Globalization and the Skilled City”, Journal of Urban Economics, 107, 1-30.
- Quintana, D.C. & V. Royuela (2014), “Tracking positive and negative effects of inequality on long-run growth”, Universitat De Barcelona Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Paper, 01, 1-30.
- Shi, Y. et al. (2020), “The ‘one-city monopoly index’: Measurement and empirical analysis of China”, Cities, 96, 1-12.
- Statista (N/A), <https://www.statista.com/statistics/521886/travel-time-spent-work-study-countries/>, 9.11.2021.
- Tansever, S. & O. Kent (2018), “Earnings Inequality in Turkey: A Regional Perspective”, Marmara Journal of Economics, 2(1), 117-136.
- Trujillo, J.L. & J. Parilla (2016), “Redefining Global Cities: Seven Types of Global Metro Economies”, A Joint Project of Brookings and JPMorgan Chase.
- Turkish Statistical Institute (N/A), <www.turkstat.gov.tr/>, 01.03.2020 & 22.06.2020.
- Wang, H. et al. (2020), “Striving for global cities with governance approach in transitional China: Case study of Shanghai”, Land Use Policy, 90, 1-11.
- Yeung, Y.M. et al. (2020), “Megacities”, International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), 31-38.
- Zhao, S. et al. (2017), “Megacities, the World’s Largest Cities Unleashed: Major Trends and Dynamics in Contemporary Global Urban Development”, World Development, 98, 257-289.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Economics |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | January 28, 2022 |
| Publication Date | January 31, 2022 |
| Submission Date | December 17, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 30 Issue: 51 |
