Research Article
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Parental Control, Self–Construal and Well-Being: Evidence from Individualistic and Collective Culture

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 68, 92 - 105, 31.03.2023

Ercan Kocayörük Bekir Çelik Emin Altintas Gökhan Gümüş

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1199226er
Cited By: 1

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the associations of perceived parenting, self-construal and psychological flourishing within a cross-cultural perspective. Instruments tapping into four types of perceived parenting style (psychological control, behavioural control, autonomous support, and responsiveness), positive and negative affect, relational self and flourishing were administered to a sample of 579 university students from France (n = 325) and Turkey (n = 324). Latent profile analysis (LPA) and ANOVA tests were performed. The results showed that French university students presented lower levels of positive affect, negative affect and psychological flourishing compared to Turkish university students. Differences were found between these two groups in terms of psychological and behavioural control, and their respective consequences on self-construal and psychological flourishing. Turkish parents present higher levels of psychological and behavioural control in their relationships with their children compared to French counterparts.

Keywords

Well-being parenting self-construal psychological control

Project Number

115K417

References

  • Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294359
  • Akın, A., Eroğlu, Y., Kayış, A. R., & Satıcı, S. A. (2010). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Relational-interdependent Self-construal Scale. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 579–584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.145
  • Akın, A., & Fidan, M. (2012). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Flourishing Scale. In 3rd Internatıonal Conference on New Trends in Education and their Implications (ICONTE-2012), April (pp. 26-28).
  • Albrecht, A. K., Galambos, N. L., & Jansson, S. M. (2007). Adolescents’ internalizing and aggressive behaviors and perceptions of parents’ psychological control: A panel study examining direction of effects. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(5), 673-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9191-5
  • Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296-3319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x
  • Bean, R. A., Barber, B. K., & Crane, D. R. (2006). Parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control among African American youth. Journal of Family Issues, 27(10), 1135-1355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06289649
  • Bean, R. A., Bush, K. R., McKenry, P. C., & Wilson, S. M. (2003). The impact of parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control on the academic achievement and self-esteem of African American and European American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(5), 523-541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403255070
  • Bouffard, L. & Lapierre, S. (1997). La mesure du bonheur. Revue Québécoise de Psychologie, 18(2), 271-310.
  • Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111-1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00806.x
  • Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000). The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 791-808. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.791
  • Delhaye, M., Beyers, W., Klimstra, T. A., Linkowski, P., & Goossens, L. (2012). The Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Scale (LAPPS): Reliability and validity with French-speaking adolescents in Belgium. Psychologica Belgica, 52, 289-305. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-52-4-289
  • Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62, 119-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x
  • Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  • Gaudreau, P., Sanchez, X., & Blondin, J. P. (2006). Positive and negative affective states in a performance-related setting: Testing the factorial validity of the PANAS across two samples of French- Canadian participants. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(4), 240-249. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.4.240
  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Positive and negative affect schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-28.
  • Grolnick, W. S. & Pomerantz, E. M. (2009). Issues and challenges in studying parental control: Toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3, 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005) Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959.
  • Kindap, Y., Sayil, M., & Kumru, A. (2008). The relationships among type of perceived maternal control, psychosocial adjustment, and friendship in adolescence: The mediator role of self-esteem. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23(61).
  • Kocayörük, E., Altıntas, E., & İçbay, M. A. (2015). The perceived parental support, autonomous-self and well-being of adolescents: A cluster-analysis approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 1819-1828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9985-5
  • Kocayörük, E. , Tutkun, T. , Gözü, H. , Şimşek, Ö. F. & Altıntaş, E. (2021). An Examination of the Relationships Between Parenting Behaviors and Adolescents Well-being: A Cross-cultural Comparision. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11 (63), 487-504. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1051417
  • Lanza, S. T., Flaherty, B. P., & Collins, L. M. (2003). Latent class and latent transition analysis. In J. A. Schinka & W. E. Velicer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (pp. 663–685). New York: Wiley.
  • Lanza, S. T., Collins, L. M., Lemmon, D. R., & Schafer, J. L. (2007). PROC LCA: A SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 671–694.
  • Larabie, I. (2015). Les relations d’amitié : Associations entre la sécurité de l’attachement, le schéma de soi relationnel et la motivation au sein des rapports amicaux. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University Of Quebec In Outaouais.
  • Levine, T., Bresnahan, M. J., Park, H. S., Lapinski, M. K., Wittenbaun, G. M., Shearman, S. M., & Ohashi, R. (2006). Self-construal scales lack validity. Human Communication Research, 29(2), 210-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00837.x
  • Loeb, E. L., Kansky, J., Tan, J. S., Costello, M. A., & Allen, J. P. (2021). Perceived psychological control in early adolescence predicts lower levels of adaptation into mid‐adulthood. Child Development, 92(2), 158-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13377
  • Manzi, C., Regalia, C., Pelucchi, S., & Fincham, F. D. (2012). Documenting different domains of promotion of autonomy in families. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.011
  • Marbell, K. N. & Grolnick, W. S. (2013). Correlates of parental control and autonomy support in an interdependent culture: A look at Ghana. Motivation and Emotion, 37(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9289-2
  • Marcus, H. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Mastrotheodoros, S., Van der Graaff, J., Dekovic, M., Meeus, W. H. J., & Branje, S. J. T. (2018). Coming closer in adolescence: Convergence in mother, father, and adolescent reports of parenting. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9(4), 846–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12417
  • Rudy, D. & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and children’s self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.68.
  • Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464.
  • Selçuk, Ş., Uçanok, Z., & Sayıl, M. (2022). Turkish adolescents’ interpretations of psychological and behavioral control: Relation with adjustment problems and moderating factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(5), 1387-1403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02140-w
  • Sevim, S. A. (2014). Adaptation of parent and adolescent versions of Leuven adolescent perceived parenting scale. Dusunen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 27(4), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2014270402
  • Shek, D. T., Chai, C. W., & Dou, D. (2021). Parenting factors and meaning of life among Chinese adolescents: A six-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 87, 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.01.004
  • Soenens, B., Beyers, W., Vansteenkiste, M., Sierens, E., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2004). The “gross anatomy” of parenting styles in adolescence: Three or four dimensions? Paper presented at the 18th biennial meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development (ISSBD), Ghent, Belgium.
  • Soenens, B. & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001
  • Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Van Petegem, S. (2015). Let us not throw out the baby with the bathwater: Applying the principle of universalism without uniformity to autonomysupportive and controlling parenting. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12103
  • Wang, Q., Chan, H-W., & Lin, L. (2012). Antecedents of Chinese parents’ autonomy support and psychological control: The interplay between parents’ self-development socialization goals and adolescents’ school performance. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 41, 1442-1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9760-0
  • Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M., & Chen, H. (2007). The role of parents’ control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 78(5), 1592-1610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01085.x
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
  • Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2002). Latent class cluster analysis. In J.A. Hagenaars & A. L. McCutcheon (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 89–106). Cambridge University Press.
  • Villieux, A., Sovet, L., Jung, S. C. and Guilbert, L. (2016). Psychological flourishing: Validation of the French version of the flourishing scale and exploration of its relationships with personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.027

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 68, 92 - 105, 31.03.2023

Ercan Kocayörük Bekir Çelik Emin Altintas Gökhan Gümüş

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1199226er
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

115K417

References

  • Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294359
  • Akın, A., Eroğlu, Y., Kayış, A. R., & Satıcı, S. A. (2010). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Relational-interdependent Self-construal Scale. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 579–584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.145
  • Akın, A., & Fidan, M. (2012). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Flourishing Scale. In 3rd Internatıonal Conference on New Trends in Education and their Implications (ICONTE-2012), April (pp. 26-28).
  • Albrecht, A. K., Galambos, N. L., & Jansson, S. M. (2007). Adolescents’ internalizing and aggressive behaviors and perceptions of parents’ psychological control: A panel study examining direction of effects. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(5), 673-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9191-5
  • Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296-3319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x
  • Bean, R. A., Barber, B. K., & Crane, D. R. (2006). Parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control among African American youth. Journal of Family Issues, 27(10), 1135-1355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06289649
  • Bean, R. A., Bush, K. R., McKenry, P. C., & Wilson, S. M. (2003). The impact of parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control on the academic achievement and self-esteem of African American and European American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(5), 523-541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403255070
  • Bouffard, L. & Lapierre, S. (1997). La mesure du bonheur. Revue Québécoise de Psychologie, 18(2), 271-310.
  • Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111-1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00806.x
  • Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000). The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 791-808. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.791
  • Delhaye, M., Beyers, W., Klimstra, T. A., Linkowski, P., & Goossens, L. (2012). The Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Scale (LAPPS): Reliability and validity with French-speaking adolescents in Belgium. Psychologica Belgica, 52, 289-305. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-52-4-289
  • Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62, 119-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x
  • Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  • Gaudreau, P., Sanchez, X., & Blondin, J. P. (2006). Positive and negative affective states in a performance-related setting: Testing the factorial validity of the PANAS across two samples of French- Canadian participants. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(4), 240-249. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.4.240
  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Positive and negative affect schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-28.
  • Grolnick, W. S. & Pomerantz, E. M. (2009). Issues and challenges in studying parental control: Toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3, 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005) Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959.
  • Kindap, Y., Sayil, M., & Kumru, A. (2008). The relationships among type of perceived maternal control, psychosocial adjustment, and friendship in adolescence: The mediator role of self-esteem. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23(61).
  • Kocayörük, E., Altıntas, E., & İçbay, M. A. (2015). The perceived parental support, autonomous-self and well-being of adolescents: A cluster-analysis approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 1819-1828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9985-5
  • Kocayörük, E. , Tutkun, T. , Gözü, H. , Şimşek, Ö. F. & Altıntaş, E. (2021). An Examination of the Relationships Between Parenting Behaviors and Adolescents Well-being: A Cross-cultural Comparision. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11 (63), 487-504. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1051417
  • Lanza, S. T., Flaherty, B. P., & Collins, L. M. (2003). Latent class and latent transition analysis. In J. A. Schinka & W. E. Velicer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (pp. 663–685). New York: Wiley.
  • Lanza, S. T., Collins, L. M., Lemmon, D. R., & Schafer, J. L. (2007). PROC LCA: A SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 671–694.
  • Larabie, I. (2015). Les relations d’amitié : Associations entre la sécurité de l’attachement, le schéma de soi relationnel et la motivation au sein des rapports amicaux. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University Of Quebec In Outaouais.
  • Levine, T., Bresnahan, M. J., Park, H. S., Lapinski, M. K., Wittenbaun, G. M., Shearman, S. M., & Ohashi, R. (2006). Self-construal scales lack validity. Human Communication Research, 29(2), 210-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00837.x
  • Loeb, E. L., Kansky, J., Tan, J. S., Costello, M. A., & Allen, J. P. (2021). Perceived psychological control in early adolescence predicts lower levels of adaptation into mid‐adulthood. Child Development, 92(2), 158-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13377
  • Manzi, C., Regalia, C., Pelucchi, S., & Fincham, F. D. (2012). Documenting different domains of promotion of autonomy in families. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.011
  • Marbell, K. N. & Grolnick, W. S. (2013). Correlates of parental control and autonomy support in an interdependent culture: A look at Ghana. Motivation and Emotion, 37(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9289-2
  • Marcus, H. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Mastrotheodoros, S., Van der Graaff, J., Dekovic, M., Meeus, W. H. J., & Branje, S. J. T. (2018). Coming closer in adolescence: Convergence in mother, father, and adolescent reports of parenting. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9(4), 846–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12417
  • Rudy, D. & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and children’s self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.68.
  • Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464.
  • Selçuk, Ş., Uçanok, Z., & Sayıl, M. (2022). Turkish adolescents’ interpretations of psychological and behavioral control: Relation with adjustment problems and moderating factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(5), 1387-1403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02140-w
  • Sevim, S. A. (2014). Adaptation of parent and adolescent versions of Leuven adolescent perceived parenting scale. Dusunen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 27(4), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2014270402
  • Shek, D. T., Chai, C. W., & Dou, D. (2021). Parenting factors and meaning of life among Chinese adolescents: A six-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 87, 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.01.004
  • Soenens, B., Beyers, W., Vansteenkiste, M., Sierens, E., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2004). The “gross anatomy” of parenting styles in adolescence: Three or four dimensions? Paper presented at the 18th biennial meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development (ISSBD), Ghent, Belgium.
  • Soenens, B. & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001
  • Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Van Petegem, S. (2015). Let us not throw out the baby with the bathwater: Applying the principle of universalism without uniformity to autonomysupportive and controlling parenting. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12103
  • Wang, Q., Chan, H-W., & Lin, L. (2012). Antecedents of Chinese parents’ autonomy support and psychological control: The interplay between parents’ self-development socialization goals and adolescents’ school performance. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 41, 1442-1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9760-0
  • Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M., & Chen, H. (2007). The role of parents’ control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 78(5), 1592-1610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01085.x
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
  • Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2002). Latent class cluster analysis. In J.A. Hagenaars & A. L. McCutcheon (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 89–106). Cambridge University Press.
  • Villieux, A., Sovet, L., Jung, S. C. and Guilbert, L. (2016). Psychological flourishing: Validation of the French version of the flourishing scale and exploration of its relationships with personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.027
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ercan Kocayörük 0000-0002-3655-4158

Bekir Çelik 0000-0001-8372-0174

Emin Altintas 0000-0003-1685-0870

Gökhan Gümüş 0000-0002-4161-0425

Project Number 115K417
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 68

Cite

APA Kocayörük, E., Çelik, B., Altintas, E., Gümüş, G. (2023). Parental Control, Self–Construal and Well-Being: Evidence from Individualistic and Collective Culture. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 13(68), 92-105. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1199226er

Cited By

Refining Our Understanding of the Influence of Culture on Human Development: a Situated Cognition Approach
Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Psychologia-Paedagogia
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbpsyped.2023.2.05

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.