Research for Development and Policy Support

Abstract The Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) is a university-based institution that conducts resource- and people-centered research activities for development and policy advice in Switzerland and abroad, guided by a sustainable development approach. Many of the Centre's programs and mandates include a mountain or highland–lowland component; they are presented below. CDE is part of the Institute of Geography at the University of Bern, Switzerland and is the lead institution for the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South.

Research in mountain contexts is a key focus of over 50 PhD studies being carried out by the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, a program of 7 Swiss research institutions and their partners worldwide involving more than 250 researchers on 4 continents, with CDE acting as the lead institution. Relating to mountain development, for example, People, Protected Areas and Global Change, published in 2008, a global overview study in which mountain regions feature prominently (5 of 13 case studies), shows that economic benefits of protected areas are generally much lower than planned and that institutional practices have not adhered to the participatory principles they were designed to follow.
Outreach CDE has outreach programs that are implemented with local partners. In Central Asia, local development, pasture management, and energy efficiency are the main activities, alongside a major Global Environmental Facility (GEF)-funded transboundary program for land management in the Pamir-Alai Mountains. In Africa, the Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme (ESAPP) deals with, among other things, management of scarce mountain water at the foot of Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro ( Figure 1). The focus of our activities in Eritrea and Ethiopia is on soil and water conservation. In Bolivia and Peru, CDE is engaged in the BioAndes program, which aims to reconcile biodiversity conservation with local development. Biodiversity conservation and knowledge management are the key activities in our new engagement in mainland Southeast Asia (Lao PDR [People's Democratic Republic]). In the Swiss Alps, CDE developed a long-term research and monitoring concept for the management center of the Jungfrau-Aletsch Natural World Heritage Site.
In addition to these larger programs, CDE has been entrusted with smaller projects relating to disaster prevention in the mountains of Central Asia, land management in Mongolia, environmental impact assessment and local development in the Caucasus and in Central Asia, involving collaborative and integrated approaches as well as use of geographic information systems and remote sensing. CDE also hosts the secretariat of WOCAT (World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies; www.wocat.net), a global network that aims to ensure that local sustainable land management knowledge and experience are evaluated, shared, and used. Since the publication of its global overview of sustainable land Education and capacity development CDE has been involved in teaching mountain-specific courses and in supervising MSc and PhD theses at a number of institutions of higher learning. These include the University of Bern-our home institution-and universities in Switzerland and abroad, including Central Asia, eastern Africa, and the Andes. In most cases, CDE has also been involved in curricula development and in helping set up research activities. The University of Central Asia (UCA) is one of the few institutions worldwide that is dedicated specifically to mountain research and development. In 2007, UCA and CDE signed a memorandum of understanding that covers capacity building for faculty, as well as joint research initiatives, including a program for long-term monitoring in the mountains of Central Asia. Capacity development is no less important in the civil society sector.
The Central Asia Mountain Partnership (CAMP; www.camp.kg), initiated with Swiss support in 2001, developed into an independent nongovernmental organization-CAMP Alatoo-in late 2008. CAMP, which had made a name for itself by creating the Alliance of Central Asian Mountain Villages (AGOCA), was the principal initiator of a regional Dare-to-Share Fair on mountain development held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, in June 2008.

Recent highlights
Poverty in mountains-poverty in lowlands: The Socio-economic Atlas of the Lao PDR (2008), based on census data for all 10,500 villages in the country, offers for the first time reliable spatial information on socioeconomic indicators and poverty in the Lao PDR. It shows that poverty rates in mountain areas are much higher than in lowland areas. It also shows that the absolute number of poor people is far higher in lowland areas and that almost 50% of the poor population in Laos is not directly addressed in current national poverty reduction strategies, as they live in districts that were previously not classified as poor (Figure 3). Other maps deal with ethnicity, sources of water, village electricity supply, access to school, and child mortality. Map combinations reveal additional interesting information. For example, access to a school in less than 30 minutes is ensured for 80% of all villages, including those in mountains. The high rate of illiteracy in these regions is therefore not a question of lacking educational infrastructure, as previously assumed. The Atlas is an outcome of a joint Lao-Swiss project funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and implemented by the Department of Statistics, the Lao National Mekong Committee, and NCCR North-South at CDE. The Atlas is available in print and on compact disc and is accompanied by a publication entitled The Geography of Poverty and Inequality in the Lao PDR (www.laoatlas.net).

Glacier wastage and water availability in
Central Asia: Central Asia is among the regions of the world that have experienced the greatest glacial retreat in recent decades. Research conducted by the NCCR North-South found that glaciers in the northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan) lost 28% of their surface area between 1963 and 2000. Projections show that the glaciers will shrink to half of their current size by 2050. As glaciers typically provide between 40 and 70% of runoff, glacier wastage will soon pose a serious threat to freshwater supplies to this dry region, with far-reaching implications for economic development and food security, which depend heavily on irrigation.
Mountain waters in East Africa: The waters of Mount Kenya, a water tower for over 7 million people, have come under increasing pressure in recent decades. A study completed in 2007 by CDE and local partners northwest of Mount Kenya predicts that by 2050, river runoff will result in extreme floods with up to 20 times the present flow, while low flow is projected to be only onetenth of its present value, a crisis scenario that will put the development of the whole region in jeopardy. The study shows that in the future, it is urgent to factor climate change into planning and decision-making.
Climate change and coffee production in Ethiopia: A study prepared in 2008 at CDE looking at climate change and temperature concludes that in Ethiopia, over 60% of today's highpotential coffee-growing area will become unsuitable, or less suitable than it is today, for coffee production. The study also shows that high-potential coffee-growing areas will shift hundreds of kilometers eastward and will be significantly smaller and more fragmented than they are today.

Outlook
In addition to ongoing mountainrelated activities in the above programs, CDE is currently involved in: N Coordinating a baseline on mountains and climate change, to be presented at the United Nations Climate Change conference (COP 15) in Copenhagen (December 2009), an activity based on a man-