Reproductive biology and pollination of <i>Cabomba aquatica</i> (Cabombaceae)

Silva, Jacilene Bezerra da; Leite, Ana Virgínia de Lima

doi:10.1590/S2175-78602011000400017

Abstract

Reproductive biology and pollination of the fanwort, Cabomba aquatica Aubl., were studied in populations from dams located in Dois Irmãos State Park, Recife, Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil. Flower anthesis in this species is diurnal and lasts two days. The flowers are bisexual and exhibit herkogamy and incomplete protogyny. Each flower produces an average of 2.1 ± 94.8 pollen grains, with a P/O ratio of 1.055 and high pollen viability (99.7%). This species is self-compatible, but requires biotic vectors to transfer pollen. We observed visits of bees (Apidae and Halictidae), wasps (Vespidae) and flies (Diptera) to the flowers. Bees and wasps were considered to be effective pollinators, both due to their behavior and their high frequency of visits to flowers, whereas flies were considered to be occasional pollinators. The floral mechanism (herkogamy and protogyny), together with low nectar production and pollinator behavior during visits, may contribute to increase pollen flow between individuals.

Key-words:
Cabomba; dichogamy; entomophily; herkogamy; self-compatibility

Resumo

A biologia reprodutiva e a polinização de Cabomba aquatica Aubl. foram estudadas em populações presentes em açudes localizados no interior do Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE. A antese das flores é diurna, com dois dias de duração. As flores são bissexuais e apresentam hercogamia e protoginia incompleta. Cada flor produz em média 2.111±94 grãos de pólen, com uma razão P/O de 1,055 e elevada viabilidade polínica (99,7%). A espécie é autocompatível, porém demonstrou a necessidade de vetores bióticos para a transferência do pólen. Foram observadas visitas de abelhas (Apidae e Halictidae), vespas (Vespidae) e moscas (Diptera). As abelhas e vespas foram consideradas como polinizadores efetivos, tanto pelo comportamento como pela alta freqüência nas visitas, enquanto que as moscas foram consideradas polinizadores ocasionais. O mecanismo floral (hercogamia e protoginia), associado com a baixa produção de néctar e o comportamento dos polinizadores durante as visitas podem contribuir para aumentar o fluxo polínico entre os indivíduos.

Palavras-chave:
Auto-compatibilidade; Cabomba; dicogamia; entomofilia; hercogamia

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References

Albertoni, E.F.; Palma-Silva, C. & Veiga, C.C. 2005. Estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados associada às macrófitas aquáticas Nymphoides indica e Azolla filliculoides em dois lagos subtropicais (Rio Grande, RS, Brasil). Acta Biologica Leopondensia 27: 137-145.
Ayres, M.; Ayres Júnior, M.; Ayres, D.L. & Santos, A.S. 2003. BioEstat 3.0. Aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das ciências biológicas e médicas. Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, MCT-CNPq/Conservation International, Belém. 291p.
Bullock, S.H. 1985. Breeding systems in the flora of a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Biotropica 17: 287-301.
Cook, C.D.K. 1988. Wind pollination in aquatic angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 768-777.
Coutinho, R.Q.; Lima, M.F.; Souza-Neto, J.S. & Silva, E.P. 1998. Características climáticas, geológicas, geomorfológicas e geotécnicas da Reserva Ecológica de Dois Irmãos. In: Machado, I.C.; Lopes, A.V. & Pôrto, K.C. (eds.). Reserva Ecológica de Dois Irmãos: estudos em um remanescente de mata atlântica em uma área urbana (Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil). Sectma, Editora Universitária, UFPE, Recife. Pp. 21-49.
Cruden, R.W. 1977. Pollen-ovule ratios: a conservative indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants. Evolution 31: 32-46.
Endress, P.K 1994. Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 511p.
Endress, P.K 2001. The flowers in extant basal angiosperms and inferences on ancestral flowers. International Journal of Plant Science 162: 1111-1140.
Esteves, F.A. 1998. Fundamentos de limnologia. Ed. Interciência/FINEP, Rio de Janeiro. 602p.
Francisco, L.V. & Barreto, R.C. 2007. Cabomba Aubl., Caracterização morfoecológica e delimitação entre as espécies ocorrentes no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biociências 5: 1077-1079.
Granéli, W. & Solander, D. 1988. Influence of aquatic macrophytes on phosphorus cycling in lakes. Hydrobiologia 170: 245-266.
Lloyd, D.G. & Webb, C.J. 1986. The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms. I. Dichogamy. New Zealand Journal of Botany 24: 135-162.
Ørgaad, M. 1991. The genus Cabomba (Cabombaceae) - taxonomic study. Nordic Journal of Botany 11: 179-203.
Osborn J.M. & Schneider E.L. 1988. Morphopological studies of Nymphaeaceae sensu lato, XVI, The floral biology of Brasenia scharaberi Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 78-794.
Osborn, J.M; Taylor, T.N. & Schneider, E.L. 1991. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the Cabombaceae: correlations with pollination biology. American Journal of Botany 78: 1367-1378.
Penha, J.M.F.; Silva, C.J. & Bianchini J.I. 1999. Productivity of the aquatic macrophyte Pontederia lanceolata Nutt. (Pontederiacea) on floodplains of the Pantanal Mato-Grossense, Brazil. Wetland Ecology and Management 7: 155-163.
Radford, A.E.; Dickinson, W.C.; Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. 1974. Vascular plant systematics. Harper & Row Publishers, New York. 891p.
Sánchez-Botero, J.I.; Farias, M.L.; Piedade, M.T. & Garcez, D.S. 2003. Ictiofauna associada às macrófitas aquáticas Eichhornia azurea (SW.) Kunth. e Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms no lago Camaleão, Amazônia Central, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum 25: 369-375.
Schneider, E.L. & Jeter J.M. 1982. Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae: 12. The floral biology of Cabomba caroliniana American Journal of Botany 69: 1410-1419.
Silva, J.B. & Leite, A.V.L. Tauer D.P & Sanders, D.R. 1977. Selected life cycle features of fanwort. Journal Aquatic Plant Management 15: 18-22.
Taylor, M.L.; Gutman, B.L.; Melrose, N.A.; Ingraham, A.M.; Scwartz, J.A. & Osborn J.M. 2008. Pollen and anther ontogeny in Cabomba caroliniana (Cabombaceae, Nymphaeales) American Journal of Botany 95: 399-413.
Thien, L.B.; Azuma, H. & Kawano, S. 2000. New perspectives on the pollination biology of basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161: S225-S235.
Thien, L.B.; Bernhardt, P.; Devall, M.S.; Chen, Z-D.; Luo, Y-B.; Fan, J-H.; Yuan, L-C.; & Williams, J.H.W. 2009. Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade). American Journal of Botany 96: 166-182.
Vogel, S. 1990. The role of scent glands in pollination. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington. 202 p. Vogel, S. 1998. Remarkable nectarines: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives II. Nectarioles, Flora 193: 1-29.
Webb, C.J. & Lloyd, D.G. 1986. The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms II. Herkogamy. New Zealand Journal of Botany 24: 163-178.
Zimmer E.A.; Qiu, Y-L.; Endress, P.K. & Friis, E.M. 2000. Current perspectives on basal angiosperms: Introduction. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161: S1-S2.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Oct-Dec 2011

History

Received
16 Apr 2011
Accepted
08 Aug 2011

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Albertoni, E.F.; Palma-Silva, C. & Veiga, C.C. 2005. Estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados associada às macrófitas aquáticas Nymphoides indica e Azolla filliculoides em dois lagos subtropicais (Rio Grande, RS, Brasil). Acta Biologica Leopondensia 27: 137-145.

[2] Ayres, M.; Ayres Júnior, M.; Ayres, D.L. & Santos, A.S. 2003. BioEstat 3.0. Aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das ciências biológicas e médicas. Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, MCT-CNPq/Conservation International, Belém. 291p.

[3] Bullock, S.H. 1985. Breeding systems in the flora of a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Biotropica 17: 287-301.

[4] Cook, C.D.K. 1988. Wind pollination in aquatic angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 768-777.

[5] Coutinho, R.Q.; Lima, M.F.; Souza-Neto, J.S. & Silva, E.P. 1998. Características climáticas, geológicas, geomorfológicas e geotécnicas da Reserva Ecológica de Dois Irmãos. In: Machado, I.C.; Lopes, A.V. & Pôrto, K.C. (eds.). Reserva Ecológica de Dois Irmãos: estudos em um remanescente de mata atlântica em uma área urbana (Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil). Sectma, Editora Universitária, UFPE, Recife. Pp. 21-49.

[6] Cruden, R.W. 1977. Pollen-ovule ratios: a conservative indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants. Evolution 31: 32-46.

[7] Endress, P.K 1994. Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 511p.

[8] Endress, P.K 2001. The flowers in extant basal angiosperms and inferences on ancestral flowers. International Journal of Plant Science 162: 1111-1140.

[9] Esteves, F.A. 1998. Fundamentos de limnologia. Ed. Interciência/FINEP, Rio de Janeiro. 602p.

[10] Francisco, L.V. & Barreto, R.C. 2007. Cabomba Aubl., Caracterização morfoecológica e delimitação entre as espécies ocorrentes no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biociências 5: 1077-1079.

[11] Granéli, W. & Solander, D. 1988. Influence of aquatic macrophytes on phosphorus cycling in lakes. Hydrobiologia 170: 245-266.

[12] Lloyd, D.G. & Webb, C.J. 1986. The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms. I. Dichogamy. New Zealand Journal of Botany 24: 135-162.

[13] Ørgaad, M. 1991. The genus Cabomba (Cabombaceae) - taxonomic study. Nordic Journal of Botany 11: 179-203.

[14] Osborn J.M. & Schneider E.L. 1988. Morphopological studies of Nymphaeaceae sensu lato, XVI, The floral biology of Brasenia scharaberi Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 78-794.

[15] Osborn, J.M; Taylor, T.N. & Schneider, E.L. 1991. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the Cabombaceae: correlations with pollination biology. American Journal of Botany 78: 1367-1378.

[16] Penha, J.M.F.; Silva, C.J. & Bianchini J.I. 1999. Productivity of the aquatic macrophyte Pontederia lanceolata Nutt. (Pontederiacea) on floodplains of the Pantanal Mato-Grossense, Brazil. Wetland Ecology and Management 7: 155-163.

[17] Radford, A.E.; Dickinson, W.C.; Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. 1974. Vascular plant systematics. Harper & Row Publishers, New York. 891p.

[18] Sánchez-Botero, J.I.; Farias, M.L.; Piedade, M.T. & Garcez, D.S. 2003. Ictiofauna associada às macrófitas aquáticas Eichhornia azurea (SW.) Kunth. e Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms no lago Camaleão, Amazônia Central, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum 25: 369-375.

[19] Schneider, E.L. & Jeter J.M. 1982. Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae: 12. The floral biology of Cabomba caroliniana American Journal of Botany 69: 1410-1419.

[20] Silva, J.B. & Leite, A.V.L. Tauer D.P & Sanders, D.R. 1977. Selected life cycle features of fanwort. Journal Aquatic Plant Management 15: 18-22.

[21] Taylor, M.L.; Gutman, B.L.; Melrose, N.A.; Ingraham, A.M.; Scwartz, J.A. & Osborn J.M. 2008. Pollen and anther ontogeny in Cabomba caroliniana (Cabombaceae, Nymphaeales) American Journal of Botany 95: 399-413.

[22] Thien, L.B.; Azuma, H. & Kawano, S. 2000. New perspectives on the pollination biology of basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161: S225-S235.

[23] Thien, L.B.; Bernhardt, P.; Devall, M.S.; Chen, Z-D.; Luo, Y-B.; Fan, J-H.; Yuan, L-C.; & Williams, J.H.W. 2009. Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade). American Journal of Botany 96: 166-182.

[24] Vogel, S. 1990. The role of scent glands in pollination. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington. 202 p. Vogel, S. 1998. Remarkable nectarines: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives II. Nectarioles, Flora 193: 1-29.

[25] Webb, C.J. & Lloyd, D.G. 1986. The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms II. Herkogamy. New Zealand Journal of Botany 24: 163-178.

[26] Zimmer E.A.; Qiu, Y-L.; Endress, P.K. & Friis, E.M. 2000. Current perspectives on basal angiosperms: Introduction. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161: S1-S2.

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