INTRODUCTION

Low back pain and pelvic pain are common conditions during pregnancy, and they can persist even after delivery¹1 Gutke A, Boissonnault J, Brook G, Stuge B. The severity and impact of pelvic girdle pain and low-back pain in pregnancy: a multinational study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2018;27(4):510-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6342
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6342... . The etiology of this phenomenon is complex, likely involving mechanical, circulatory, hormonal, and psychosocial factors²2 Koukoulithras I, Stamouli A, Kolokotsios S, Plexousakis M, Mavrogiannopoulou C. The effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions upon pregnancy-related low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e13011. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13011
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13011... . Although there are no organic or specific diseases in most cases, the effects of pain can be considerable, negatively affecting sleep quality, physical condition, work performance, social life, and leisure activities, as well as leading to economic losses due to absenteeism¹1 Gutke A, Boissonnault J, Brook G, Stuge B. The severity and impact of pelvic girdle pain and low-back pain in pregnancy: a multinational study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2018;27(4):510-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6342
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6342... ,³3 Kesikburun S, Güzelküçük Ü, Fidan U, Demir Y, Ergün A, Tan AK. Musculoskeletal pain and symptoms in pregnancy: a descriptive study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018;10(12):229-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X18812449
https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X18812449... .

The experience of pain during pregnancy is widespread, and its treatment poses significant challenges⁴4 Black E, Khor KE, Kennedy D, Chutatape A, Sharma S, Vancaillie T, et al. Medication use and pain management in pregnancy: a critical review. Pain Pract. 2019;19(8):875-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12814
https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12814... . Some pain-relieving medications can pose dangers to both the fetus and the mother, while inadequate pain management can lead to severe maternal consequences such as depression and high blood pressure⁴4 Black E, Khor KE, Kennedy D, Chutatape A, Sharma S, Vancaillie T, et al. Medication use and pain management in pregnancy: a critical review. Pain Pract. 2019;19(8):875-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12814
https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12814... .

Due to limitations concerning pain management, acupuncture becomes an important treatment⁵5 Moon HY, Kim MR, Hwang DS, Jang JB, Lee J, Shin JS, et al. Safety of acupuncture during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study in Korea. BJOG. 2020;127(1):79-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15925
https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15925... . Acupuncture has been increasingly integrated into Western medicine as a complementary therapy for various conditions, especially pain, and has been shown to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory effects⁶6 Chen T, Zhang WW, Chu YX, Wang YQ. Acupuncture for pain management: molecular mechanisms of action. Am J Chin Med. 2020;48(4):793-811. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X20500408
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X2050040... . Several studies have suggested that acupuncture can relieve pregnancy-related pain in the lower back and posterior pelvic girdle by improving blood circulation, relaxing muscles, reducing inflammation, and regulating hormones⁷7 Guerreiro Silva JB, Nakamura MU, Cordeiro JA, Kulay L. Acupuncture for low back pain in pregnancy--a prospective, quasi-randomised, controlled study. Acupunct Med. 2004;22(2):60-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.22.2.60
https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.22.2.60... –⁹9 Wedenberg K, Moen B, Norling A. A prospective randomized study comparing acupuncture with physiotherapy for low-back and pelvic pain in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79(5):331-5. PMID: 10830757.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this review article was to update scientific knowledge regarding the use of acupuncture for back pain in pregnancy.

METHODS

A literature review was performed in the following scientific databases: Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO, LILACS, and Cochrane. The following terms were used: acupuncture AND low back pain in pregnancy, acupuncture AND pelvic pain, acupuncture AND pregnancy pain.

This review included randomized controlled trials (RCT) or quasi-RCT studies with patients who received only acupuncture (defined as the insertion of needles into acupoints, including traditional acupuncture, Western, segmental, and trigger point), as well as comparative studies with patients in other groups who received conservative treatment with sham, analgesia, and kinesiotherapy. Included studies had at least one of these primary outcomes: pain or functionality. Studies of laser acupuncture and auricular acupuncture without body acupuncture were excluded.

The articles were selected and evaluated independently by two authors (MYBPP and AH). The authors met to reach a consensus on the inclusion and exclusion of articles in the review.

Only human clinical studies were included. Articles in Portuguese and English were included. The search was limited to articles published between 2000 and 2022. Repeated articles in databases, animal experimentation studies, and case reports were excluded.

RESULTS

A total of 85 articles were initially identified through electronic search. After review of the title and abstract, 23 full-text papers were reviewed, with 8 articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Duplicate articles were manually removed. The included studies comprised 1,087 patients. All articles were published in English. A flowchart of the study selection process is shown in Figure 1.

Tables 1 and 2 summarize the characteristics and main findings of the eight included trials.

Acupuncture versus waiting lists or standard care

Bishop et al. compared acupuncture with standard care (SC) for pelvic girdle and low back pain during pregnancy, enrolling 386 women to receive either SC or SC plus five acupuncture sessions. Acupuncture was more effective for reducing pain and improving functional status at 4 weeks, but not at 12 weeks. Acupuncture was also more cost-effective when accounting for employer costs¹⁰10 Bishop A, Ogollah R, Bartlam B, Barlas P, Holden MA, Ismail KM, et al. Evaluating acupuncture and standard care for pregnant women with back pain: the EASE Back pilot randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN49955124). Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2016;2:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-016-0107-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-016-0107-... .

Kvorning et al. assessed the pain-relieving effect of acupuncture in the last trimester of pregnancy. They involved 72 women who received either standard treatment (physiotherapy, exercises, and/or analgesics) or SC plus acupuncture. The acupuncture group had a 60% reduction in pain intensity and a 44% reduction in days with pain per week, compared to 14 and 9%, respectively, in the control group (p<0.001)⁸8 Kvorning N, Holmberg C, Grennert L, Aberg A, Akeson J. Acupuncture relieves pelvic and low-back pain in late pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(3):246-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.0215.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004... .

Guerreiro Silva et al. examined the effects of acupuncture on low back and pelvic pain during pregnancy in real-life settings. They enrolled 61 pregnant women and quasi-randomly allocated them to either acupuncture or standard treatment. The acupuncture group had a 54% decrease in pain intensity score and a 65% decrease in analgesics used per week, compared to 12 and 16%, respectively, in the control group⁷7 Guerreiro Silva JB, Nakamura MU, Cordeiro JA, Kulay L. Acupuncture for low back pain in pregnancy--a prospective, quasi-randomised, controlled study. Acupunct Med. 2004;22(2):60-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.22.2.60
https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.22.2.60... .

Acupuncture versus sham acupuncture

Elden et al. evaluated superficial versus deep acupuncture using nonpenetrating sham acupuncture. The study found no significant difference between treatments regarding the patients’ pain during movement and the degree of sickness leave. Acupuncture had some degree of improvement in performing daily activities according to “daily activity limitation¹¹11 Elden H, Fagevik-Olsen M, Ostgaard HC, Stener-Victorin E, Hagberg H. Acupuncture as an adjunct to standard treatment for pelvic girdle pain in pregnant women: randomised double-blinded controlled trial comparing acupuncture with non-penetrating sham acupuncture. BJOG. 2008;115(13):1655-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01904.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008... .”

Lund et al. compared superficial versus deep acupuncture. The superficial group had similar changes in pain intensity, while the deep group had more significant changes. The authors concluded that there was no clear difference between the groups¹²12 Lund I, Lundeberg T, Lönnberg L, Svensson E. Decrease of pregnant women's pelvic pain after acupuncture: a randomized controlled single-blind study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(1):12-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340500317153
https://doi.org/10.1080/0001634050031715... .

Acupuncture cost-effectiveness

Nicolian et al. found that acupuncture was cost-effective when compared to SC. It was both cheaper (€1512 versus €1452 per patient) and more effective (3.9 more days with visual analog scale [VAS] ≤4 per patient) over 12 weeks¹³13 Nicolian S, Butel T, Gambotti L, Durand M, Filipovic-Pierucci A, Mallet A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of acupuncture versus standard care for pelvic and low back pain in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0214195. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214195
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021... .

Adverse effects

The selected articles did not report significant adverse effects, such as pneumothorax, neurological, dermatological, or allergic effects. Adverse effects found were minimal local pain, with VAS<3, not requiring interruption of therapy application, and also local erythema.

DISCUSSION

The outcomes of most studies favored acupuncture for pain management. Patients given acupuncture showed significant improvement in pain intensity. The above findings are further validated by the significantly lower use of analgesic drugs and nonacupuncture analgesic techniques in patients given acupuncture compared to control patients⁷7 Guerreiro Silva JB, Nakamura MU, Cordeiro JA, Kulay L. Acupuncture for low back pain in pregnancy--a prospective, quasi-randomised, controlled study. Acupunct Med. 2004;22(2):60-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.22.2.60
https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.22.2.60... .

There is significant heterogeneity among acupuncture trials regarding study design, intervention protocol, control group, outcome measures, patient characteristics, and quality assessment tools¹³13 Nicolian S, Butel T, Gambotti L, Durand M, Filipovic-Pierucci A, Mallet A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of acupuncture versus standard care for pelvic and low back pain in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0214195. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214195
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021... . Studies included in this review followed different acupuncture point selections, with most based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis, with local and distal points used¹⁰10 Bishop A, Ogollah R, Bartlam B, Barlas P, Holden MA, Ismail KM, et al. Evaluating acupuncture and standard care for pregnant women with back pain: the EASE Back pilot randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN49955124). Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2016;2:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-016-0107-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-016-0107-... . Some protocols followed a standardized point selection, while others allowed extra points based on patients’ complaints⁸8 Kvorning N, Holmberg C, Grennert L, Aberg A, Akeson J. Acupuncture relieves pelvic and low-back pain in late pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(3):246-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.0215.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004... . This can affect the comparability and consistency of the results.

Within these limitations, our review's main findings are consistent with a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, which also included ear acupuncture¹⁵15 Yang J, Wang Y, Xu J, Ou Z, Yue T, Mao Z, et al. Acupuncture for low back and/or pelvic pain during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2022;12(12):e056878. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056878
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056... . Our results are also consistent with the hypothesis that acupuncture is an effective and safe treatment for back pain in pregnancy and that it is a safe procedure with only a few and minor reported adverse events. Another systematic review found that acupuncture as an adjuvant to SC was more effective than SC alone and physiotherapy in reducing mixed pelvic/back pain. Moreover, women experienced greater pain relief with acupuncture plus standard therapy than with standard treatment alone or stabilizing exercises plus standard treatment¹⁶16 Ee CC, Manheimer E, Pirotta MV, White AR. Acupuncture for pelvic and back pain in pregnancy: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(3):254-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.0... .

Safety and side effects

While acupuncture is generally considered safe, there are potential risks associated with the treatment. Common, less serious adverse effects can include minor bruising or bleeding, temporary soreness at the needle site, and nausea or dizziness⁵5 Moon HY, Kim MR, Hwang DS, Jang JB, Lee J, Shin JS, et al. Safety of acupuncture during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study in Korea. BJOG. 2020;127(1):79-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15925
https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15925... . Serious adverse effects can include infection, punctured organs, and nerve injury, which were not found in any of the reviews included in this study.

Limitations

Blinding of participants, practitioners, and assessors is a significant challenge in acupuncture clinical trials, as the intervention is not easily concealed. Finding an appropriate control group is difficult in acupuncture studies, as sham acupuncture is often used as a control. Long-term follow-up can be challenging, as participants may become discouraged or lose interest over time. The wide range of patient responses to the treatment and the difficulty in standardizing acupuncture treatments can lead to variability in results from different studies. These issues can make conducting clinical trials in acupuncture difficult, and the results of such studies can be unreliable.

CONCLUSION

Acupuncture is a promising treatment for low back and pelvic pain during pregnancy. The current evidence supports the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for these conditions, but more high-quality, standardized trials are needed to confirm and strengthen its evidence base. Acupuncture may offer a valuable option for pregnant women who suffer from low back and pelvic pain and who seek a safe and effective nonpharmacological intervention.

REFERENCES

Publication Dates

History