Abstract

Dalechampia seccoi is a new endemic species of Euphorbiaceae from the Atlantic Forest domain, southeastern Brazil. Here we describe and illustrate the new species. Collections of botanical material, and standard herbarium practices were applied. The new species is vegetatively similar to D. alata, D. erythrostyla, D. pentaphylla, D. violacea, and D. purpurata, however it is distinguished by exclusive characters such as involucral bracts 4‒5-lobed, pinkish, staminate sepals vinaceous, resin darkish and stigma yellow lobed to crateriform. The new species is restricted to Seasonal Semideciduous Forest with altitudes of ca. 700 m from Caparaó, south of the state of Espírito Santo. In addition, we provide field photographs, preliminary conservation status assessments using IUCN Red List guidelines, as well as a checklist and key for morphological correlated species.

Keywords:
Acalyphoideae; Caparaó; endemism; Espírito Santo; Seasonal Semideciduous Forest; taxonomy

Introduction

Dalechampia L. is a consistent morphologically genus, characterized by its peculiar pseudanthial inflorescence, which stands out due the involucral bracts, usually colorful. Its pistillate cymule present three flowers and the staminate pleiochasium has few to numerous flowers (Webster & Armbruster 1991Webster GL, Armbruster WS. 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 137-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00202.x .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991... ). Dalechampia is one species-rich genera of the subfamily Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae), it includes ca. 130 species, being the neotropical region the center of greatest diversity with 90 species, representing 69% of global taxa (Pereira-Silva et al. unpubl. res.Pereira-Silva RA, Mendes JCR, Athiê-Souza SM, Melo AL, Sales MF, Souza LGR, Armbruster WS (unpubl. res.) Taxonomic revision of Neotropical species of Dalechampia sect. Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae).).

In Brazil, about 73 species are recorded and distributed in all phytogeographic domains, of which 35 are reported for the Southeastern region (Pereira-Silva et al. 2019Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Armbruster WS, Melo AL. 2019. Dalechampia margarethiae (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Southeastern Brazil. Systematic Botany 44: 832-837. doi: 10.1600/036364419X15710776741350.
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364419X157107... ). The Atlantic Forest is one of the richest domains in number of Dalechampia species (29 spp.), three less than in the Cerrado (Pereira-Silva et al. 2022Pereira-Silva RA, Oliveira JCP, Mendes JCR et al. 2022. Dalechampia in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Reflora. https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB17549. 09 Nov. 2022.
https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB1754... ). Recent studies in Dalechampia recorded 15 species for the state of Espírito Santo, in addition to the confirmation of a new taxon for science (Mendes et al. 2022Mendes JC, Bigio NC, Külkamp J, Pereira-Silva RA. 2022. Synoptic treatment of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil: distribution, morphology, illustration and new occurrences. Rodriguésia 73: e00412021. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860202273028.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602022730... ).

Based on morphological characters the new species is classified in Dalechampia sect. Dioscorifoliae Pax & K.Hoffm. by the leaves simples, lobed or palmately compound, involucral bracts pinkish, staminate bracts 4, free, resiniferous gland with margin fimbriate and seeds rugose (Webster & Armbruster 1991Webster GL, Armbruster WS. 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 137-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00202.x .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991... ). Regional floras and taxonomic studies have contributed to improve the knowledge of the section Dioscoreifoliae in Brazil (e.g., Pereira-Silva et al. 2016Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Melo AL, Sales MF. 2016. Dalechampia erythrostyla (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Northeastern Brazil. Systematic Botany 41: 989-995. doi: 10.1600/036364416X694116.
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X694116... ; 2018Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Armbruster WS, Melo AL, Sales MF. 2018. Typification and reestablishment of the Linnaean name Dalechampia colorata (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 67: 186-190. doi: 10.12705/671.12.
https://doi.org/10.12705/671.12... ; 2019Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Armbruster WS, Melo AL. 2019. Dalechampia margarethiae (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Southeastern Brazil. Systematic Botany 44: 832-837. doi: 10.1600/036364419X15710776741350.
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364419X157107... ; 2020Pereira-Silva RA, Gama BR, Athiê-Souza SM, Melo AL, Sales MF. 2020. Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae): synopsis of species from Northeast Brazil. Biota Neotropica 20: e20190805. doi: 10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2019-0805.
https://doi.org/e20190805https://doi.org... ; Athiê-Souza et al. 2019Athiê-Souza SM, Pereira-Silva RA, Sales MF, Armbruster WS. 2019. Nomenclatural update of Dalechampia sect. Dioscoreifoliae (Euphorbiaceae). Kew Bulletin 74: 1-3. doi: 10.1007/s12225-019-9820-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-019-9820-... ; Mendes et al. 2021Mendes JCR, Rosário AS, Bigio NC, Pereira-Silva RA, Secco RS. 2021. Dalechampia L. (Euphorbiaceae) na Amazônia Brasileira. Biota Neotropica 21: e20201010. doi: 10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-202... ).

Dalechampia seccoi is vegetatively similar to D. alata Müll.Arg., D. erythrostyla R.A. Pereira-Silva & A.L. Melo, D. pentaphylla Lam., D. violacea Pax & K.Hoffm. and D. purpurata Cordeiro, however it is distinguished by unique reproductive characters. Here we describe, illustrate and present images of D. seccoi, including a distribution map, preliminary assessments of the conservation status, identification key and table with main diagnostic characters of the most similar species of Dioscoreifoliae section.

Material and methods

The specimens were collected during field expeditions in 2017 and 2020 in an enclave of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, which composes the Parque Estadual Cachoeira da Fumaça. The specimens of the new species were studied in the field and in CAP, MBML and PEUFR herbaria (acronyms according to Thiers 2023Thiers B. 2023 [onwards]. Index Herbariorum. A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. New York Botanical Garden. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih. 25 Sep. 2022.
http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih... [continuously updated]). Specimens were analyzed and photographed with a stereomicroscope (ZEISS Stemi 305). The morphological descriptions followed Webster and Armbruster (1991Webster GL, Armbruster WS. 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 137-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00202.x .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991... ) and Beentje (2010Beentje HJ. 2010. The Kew Plant Glossary - an illustrated dictionary of plant terms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.) terminology. The distribution map was generated in QGis v. 2.18.2 (QGIS Development Team 2017QGIS Development Team. 2017. QGIS Geographic Information System. V 2.18.2. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. http://qgis.osgeo.org. 09 Nov. 2022.
http://qgis.osgeo.org... ). The preliminary conservation status was assessed according to the IUCN guidelines and criteria (IUCN 2022IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf. 11 Jan. 2023.
https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/Re... ). The online geospatial conservation assessment tool (GeoCat) was used to calculate the area of occupancy (AOO), with a user-defined cell of 4 km² (Bachman et al. 2011Bachman S, Moat J, Hill AW, de la Torre J, Scott B. 2011. Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117-126. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.150.2109.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109... ).

Results

Taxonomic treatment

Dalechampia seccoi J.C.R. Mendes & Pereira-Silva, sp. nov.

Type: BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Alegre, Parque Estadual Cachoeira da Fumaça, 20°37′54′′S, 41°36′13′′W, 660 m, 01 Aug 2017, fl, fr, F. Torres-Leite, C.T. Leite, A.T. Vieira & P.M. Amaral 560 (holotype: CAP [CAP00007335!]). (Figs 1, 2 and 3; Table 1)

Dalechampia seccoi is recognized by its involucral bracts 4−5-lobed, pinkish, with magenta veins; staminate column elongated beyond the sepal tips after anthesis; staminate sepals widely lanceolate, vinaceous; style tips not moderately down-curved and stigma crateriform to slightly lobed, yellow; pistillate sepals 12, pinnatifid; 4 bracteoles of staminate pleiochasium, deltoid to oblong, free; resiniferous gland with margin fimbriate, and resin secreted darkish; and seeds grayish with macules brownish.

Twining vines, stems 3−4 mm diam, terete, greenish, glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves simple, alternate; petiole 4−6 cm long, greenish; petiolar stipule 2−3 × 1−2 cm, lanceolate, base truncate, margin entire, ciliate, glabrescent; leaf blade 6.5−13.5 × 6−13 cm, deeply 5-lobed; lobe 6.5−13 × 1−2 cm, elliptic, base acute, apex acute, margin entire, without glandular trichomes, adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous; venation eucamptodromous, primary veins 4−5; stipels 1‒1.5 × ca. 0.3 mm long, linear to lanceolate, persistent, associated with glands. Inflorescence bisexual pseudanthium, axillary, solitary, ca. 10 cm long, peduncle ca. 11 cm long, glabrous; involucral bracts ca. 5.5 × 3 cm, 4‒5-lobed, lobe acute at apex, pinkish, margin serreate, membranaceous, adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrescent, primary veins 5, magenta; bracteal stipule ca. 7 × 5 mm, lanceolate, base truncate, apex acute, margin entire, without glandular trichomes, adaxial and abaxial surface glabrous. Staminate pleiochasium with 4 bracteoles, ca. 5-flowered, peduncle ca. 3 mm long; staminate bracteoles 7−8 × 7−8 mm, deltoid to oblong, free; gland composed of numerous resiniferous bractlets, ca. 8 × 7 mm, margin fimbriate, isolated beside the staminate flowers; resin secreted darkish, over all the resiniferous bractlets. Staminate flowers ca. 6 mm long; sepals 6, ca. 2 × 1 mm, widely lanceolate, vinaceous; staminate column elongated beyond the sepal tips after anthesis; stamens more than 30; bithecate anthers. Pistillate cymule 3-flowered, sub-sessile, glabrous; pistillate bracteoles 1−3, 2-3 × 2.5-4 mm, widely ovate to very widely ovate, margin irregular to ciliate, without glandular trichomes. Pistillate flowers 0.7−1.1 cm long, pedicel sub-sessile; sepals 12, free, 5-7 × ca. 1 mm, pinnatifid, pubescent to villous, margin with eglandular trichomes, sparse; ovary ca. 0.5 × 0.5 mm, trilocular, glabrous; stylar column 0.7−1.2 × ca. 0.1 cm, greenish; style tips not moderately down-curved, stigma crateriform to slightly lobed, yellow. Capsule ca. 1 × 1.3−1.5 cm, dark brown, glabrous, sepal in fruit 1−1.2 × ca. 0.05 cm, columella ca. 0.5 cm long. Seeds ca. 5 × 5 mm, oblong, rugose, grayish, macules brownish.

Distribution ‒ Dalechampia seccoi is recorded until this moment to the municipality of Alegre, Espírito Santo, Southeast Brazil, specifically in the Parque Estadual da Cachoeira da Fumaça (PECF), see Figure 4.

Habitat and ecology ‒ The species occurs in Semideciduous Seasonal Forest vegetation, growing in edge areas in hillside forests with altitudes ranging from 663 to 700 m (Fig. 4). According to Borges and Azevedo (2017Borges KF, Azevedo MAM. 2017. Inventário florístico de um remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no Sul do Espírito Santo, Brasil: Parque Estadual Cachoeira da Fumaça. Rodriguésia 68: 1963-1976. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201768527.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602017685... ) the PECF is compose by several phytophysiognomies, such as rocky vegetation, herbaceous swamp, fragments in the initial, medium and advanced stage of regeneration, exotic vegetation and agriculture areas. In addition, the presence of several exotic species, with high invasive potential, present threats to the conservation of native species of the PECF vegetation that has environments in regeneration.

Due to the vegetational similarity, we believe that the species also occur in other isolated forest areas along the Caparaó region. New expeditions should be conducted to better explore the region in search of new records, mainly in the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural da Cachoeira da Fumaça in the municipality of Ibitirama, located close to the area where the species occurs.

Phenology ‒ Dalechampia seccoi was collected with flowers in August and November and with fruits in August.

Etymology ‒ The specific epithet honors Dr. Ricardo de S. Secco, renowned botanist at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, who contributes significantly to knowledge of the Amazonian flora, as well as of the whole of Brazil, specifically the Euphorbiaceae family, and who greatly assists in the formation of stimulating human resources Euphorbiologists.

IUCN preliminary conservation assessment ‒ Dalechampia seccoi is known for only two records in the same locality, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km² in which habitat fragmentation is the main threat observed. The fragmentation indicates a decline in habitat quality and a decline in extent of occurrence and area of occupation. The unique known populations are protected by the PECF, which is a conservation unit, but not fully protected because tourist activities are allowed. Based on the geographic criteria B1ab (i,ii,iii) and knowing the threats, we propose that if a formal assessment were performed D. seccoi would probably be evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR).

Additional material examined (paratype). BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Alegre, 20°37′25′′S, 41°36′21′′W, 663 m, 21 Nov 2020, fl, J.C.R. Mendes et al. 790 (MBML, PEUFR).

Key to Dalechampia seccoi and morphologically similar species

1. Involucral bracts pinkish to magenta ……………….. 2

1′. Involucral bracts greenish ……………….. 4

2. Leaves compound (3-foliolate); pistillate sepals pinkish ……………….. D. purpurata

2′. Leaves simple (deeply 5-lobed); pistillate sepals light green ……………….. 3

3. Involucral bracts 4−5-lobed; stigma yellow; restricted geographic distribution to Southeastern ……………….. D. seccoi

3′. Involucral bracts deeply 3-lobed; stigma reddish; restricted geographic distribution to Central-West ……………….. D. violacea

4. Leaves compound (5-foliolate); involucral bracts 3-5 lobed; bracteal stipule deltoid; pistillate sepals 6, entire ……………….. D. pentaphylla

4′. Leaves simple (deeply 5-lobed); involucral bracts exclusively 3-lobed; bracteal stipule lanceolate; pistillate sepals 12, pinnatifid or laciniate ……………….. 5

5. Staminate sepals greenish; stigma clavate, greenish in the upper half of the stylar column after pollination ……………….. D. alata

5′. Staminate sepals pinkish; stigma slightly lobate, reddish in the upper half of the stylar column after pollination ……………….. D. erythrostyla

Taxonomic notes for D. seccoi and related species: a morphological inference

Currently, the section Dioscoreifoliae comprises 26 species (Webster & Armbruster 1991Webster GL, Armbruster WS. 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 137-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00202.x .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991... ; Athiê-Souza et al. 2019Athiê-Souza SM, Pereira-Silva RA, Sales MF, Armbruster WS. 2019. Nomenclatural update of Dalechampia sect. Dioscoreifoliae (Euphorbiaceae). Kew Bulletin 74: 1-3. doi: 10.1007/s12225-019-9820-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-019-9820-... ), which present morphological variation in the leaves being simple (unlobed and palmately lobed) and compound. However, the three types rarely coexist in the same species, as occurs in Dalechampia sect. Dalechampia and Dalechampia sect. Tiliifoliae G.L. Webster & Armbr. (Webster & Armbruster, 1991Webster GL, Armbruster WS. 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 137-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00202.x .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991... ). In addition, the section Dioscoreifoliae presents involucral bracts diverse in color, but the most are pinkish, magenta or purplish, as D. aristolochiifolia Kunth, D. colorata (Pereira-Silva et al. 2018Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Armbruster WS, Melo AL, Sales MF. 2018. Typification and reestablishment of the Linnaean name Dalechampia colorata (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 67: 186-190. doi: 10.12705/671.12.
https://doi.org/10.12705/671.12... ), D. cujabensis Müll.Arg., D. dioscoreifolia Poepp. (Mendes et al. 2020Mendes JCR, Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Bigio NC, Armbruster WS, Secco RS, Sales MF. 2020. The genus Dalechampia L. from Brazil. 1-3. https://fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org/guides/guide/1122. 26 Dec. 2022.
https://fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org/guid... ), D. erythrostyla, D. magnoliifolia Müll.Arg., D. purpurata, and D. violacea, for example.

The section Dioscoreifoliae is subdivided into five informal groups, named 1 to 5 that are differentiated by the shape of leaves and number of pistillate sepals (6−12, entire, bifid, laciniate or pinnatifid), as well as the shape of stylar column apex, including the texture of seeds (Webster & Armbruster 1991Webster GL, Armbruster WS. 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 137-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00202.x .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991... ). We analyzed the five informal groups, and based in morphological data, here D. seccoi is included in the group 4, mainly due the number and shape of pistillate sepals (12, pinnatifid) and stylar column apically dilated.

Dalechampia seccoi was mentioned as possible new species in Mendes et al. (2022Mendes JC, Bigio NC, Külkamp J, Pereira-Silva RA. 2022. Synoptic treatment of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil: distribution, morphology, illustration and new occurrences. Rodriguésia 73: e00412021. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860202273028.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602022730... ) can be confused with D. alata, D. erythrostyla, D. pentaphylla, D. purpurata and D. violacea by the involucral bracts pink, magenta or purplish (Table 1 and Figure 5A-F). Dalechampia seccoi, D. alata and D. erythrostyla are similar by the leaf blades deeply 5-lobed but can be distinguished by the involucral bracts 4−5-lobed, pinkish (Fig. 5A), staminate sepals vinaceous and stigma yellow [vs. involucral bracts 3-lobed, green in D. alata and D. erythrostyla, staminate sepals and stigma green in D. alata (Fig. 5B) and staminate sepals pinkish and stigma green and becoming reddish in the upper half in D. erythrostyla after pollination (Fig. 5C)] (see Pereira-Silva et al. 2016Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Melo AL, Sales MF. 2016. Dalechampia erythrostyla (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Northeastern Brazil. Systematic Botany 41: 989-995. doi: 10.1600/036364416X694116.
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X694116... ).

Although Dalechampia pentaphylla, D. purpurata and D. violacea compound present leaves (3-5-foliolate) they also can be confused with D. seccoi (leaves deeply 5-lobed). Therefore, the new species can be differentiated from D. pentaphylla (Fig. 5D) by having involucral bracts 4−5-lobed, pinkish and 12 pistillate sepals pinnatifid (vs. involucral bracts 5 (−3)-deeply lobed, greenish and 6 pistillate sepals entire, respectively). The colors of the involucral bracts of D. purpurata (Fig. 5E) and D. violacea (Fig. 5F) are similar to D. seccoi that differs of D. purpurata by having involucral bracts 4−5-lobed, pinkish, staminate sepals vinaceous and stigma yellow (vs. involucral bracts 3-lobed, magenta, staminate sepals dark purple and stigma greenish, respectively).

Dalechampia violacea differs of the new species by presenting involucral bracts deeply 3-lobed, pistillate sepals fimbriate, stylar column and stigma reddish. The pistillate sepals of D. violacea have an irregularly dentate apex and never lobed, which we treat here as fimbriate. Even so, worth mentioning that stigmatic surface of Dalechampia can be useful to differentiate some species according to Webster & Armbruster (1991Webster GL, Armbruster WS. 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 137-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00202.x .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991... ), in some representatives, the style column is notable for having longitudinal bands of stigmatic surfaces running halfway or more towards the base. In the case of D. erythrostyla (Pereira-Silva et al. 2016Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Melo AL, Sales MF. 2016. Dalechampia erythrostyla (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Northeastern Brazil. Systematic Botany 41: 989-995. doi: 10.1600/036364416X694116.
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X694116... ) and D. violacea (Mendes et al. 2020Mendes JCR, Pereira-Silva RA, Athiê-Souza SM, Bigio NC, Armbruster WS, Secco RS, Sales MF. 2020. The genus Dalechampia L. from Brazil. 1-3. https://fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org/guides/guide/1122. 26 Dec. 2022.
https://fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org/guid... ) these stigmatic surfaces run up to the middle of the stylar column and become reddish. While in other species of the section, as in D. seccoi, the longitudinal bands of the stigmatic surfaces can be shorter and yellow in color.

Another important aspect among the species correlated to D. seccoi is the geographic distribution, where D. pentaphylla has a wide distribution in Brazil (Central-West, Northeast, Southeastern and South), reaching Paraguay and D. alata occurs in Northeast and Southeastern of Brazil (Webster & Armbruster 1991Webster GL, Armbruster WS. 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 137-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00202.x .
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991... ; Mendes et al. 2022Mendes JC, Bigio NC, Külkamp J, Pereira-Silva RA. 2022. Synoptic treatment of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil: distribution, morphology, illustration and new occurrences. Rodriguésia 73: e00412021. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860202273028.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602022730... ). Dalechampia seccoi, D. erythrostyla, D. purpurata and D. violacea present a restrict geographical distribution in the country, being D. seccoi in the Southeastern region, while D. erythrostyla and D. purpurata are listed to the Northeast, and D. violacea to the Central-West.

Acknowledgements

We thank Professor Dra. Karla Maria Pedra from Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo for valuable information about the plant in the field. The authors are also grateful to the excellent illustrator Cássia Dias Atelier Herbolarium for providing the watercolor drawing; and Felipe Martins, for the ink illustration.

References

Publication Dates

History