ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Boxing is a sport that requires a lot of explosive power, that is, it demands from its practitioners not only to use their strength, but to do so very rapidly.

Objective:

To analyze the influence of muscle training on the explosive power of boxers, providing a theoretical reference for the training of their core strength.

Methods:

This article makes a statistical analysis of boxing explosive power and analyzes the factors relevant to punch speed.

Results:

The key factors that affect the maximum speed of the straight punch in boxing are the maximum elbow joint flexion and extension, angular velocity, and the maximum trunk angular velocity.

Conclusion:

In daily training, attention should be paid to upper limb strength and core strength training, which is the only way for boxers to have a correct body posture and ensure a reliable center of gravity when punching. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Keywords:
Boxing; Strength training; Muscle strength; Response speed

RESUMO

Introdução:

O boxe é um esporte que exige muita força explosiva, isto é, requer que seus praticantes não apenas usem sua força, mas que o façam muito rapidamente.

Objetivo:

Analisar a influência do treino muscular na força explosiva de boxeadores, fornecendo uma referência teórica para seu treino de força do core.

Métodos:

Esse artigo analisa estatisticamente a força explosiva no boxe e os fatores relevantes para a velocidade do soco.

Resultados:

Os fatores-chave, que afetam a velocidade máxima do soco direto no boxe, são a flexão e a extensão máxima da articulação do cotovelo, sua velocidade angular, e a velocidade angular máxima do tronco.

Conclusão:

No treinamento diário, deve-se considerar com atenção a força dos membros superiores e o treino da força do core. Só assim boxeadores podem conseguir uma postura correta e um centro de gravidade confiável para seus socos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos – investigação de resultados de tratamento.

Descritores:
Boxe; Treinamento de Força; Tempo de reação

RESUMEN

Introducción:

El boxeo es un deporte que exige mucha fuerza explosiva, es decir, requiere que sus practicantes no solo usen su fuerza, sino que lo hagan muy rápidamente.

Objetivo:

Analizar la influencia del entrenamiento muscular en la fuerza explosiva de boxeadores, proporcionando una referencia teórica para su entrenamiento de fuerza del core.

Métodos:

Este artículo analiza estadísticamente la fuerza explosiva en el boxeo y los factores relevantes para la velocidad del golpe.

Resultados:

Los factores clave, que afectan la velocidad máxima del golpe directo en el boxeo, son la flexión y extensión máxima de la articulación del codo, su velocidad angular y la velocidad angular máxima del tronco.

Conclusión:

En el entrenamiento cotidiano, se debe considerar con atención la fuerza de los miembros superiores y el entrenamiento de la fuerza del core. Solo así los boxeadores pueden conseguir una postura correcta y un centro de gravedad confiable para sus golpes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos – investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Descriptores:
Boxeo; Entrenamiento de Fuerza; Tiempo de reacción

INTRODUCTION

After introducing the new boxing rules in 2009, the training concept of “improving the clarity and strength of strikes on a fast basis” reached a broad consensus in the boxing community.¹1 Worsey MT, Espinosa HG, Shepherd JB, Thiel DV. An evaluation of wearable inertial sensor configuration and supervised machine learning models for automatic punch classification in boxing. IoT. 2020;1(2):360-81. Emphasizing that quick punching is the core content and a guarantee for maintaining the superiority of Chinese boxing sport.

In this study, two three-dimensional force plates and the VICONMX infrared high-speed photography system were used to collect parameters such as the athlete's front hand straight fist hitting the engineer's active kicking force stage and the lower limbs’ rapid kicking force, and the punching speed.²2 Tiwari AK, Pandey AS, Dhillon MS, Badhyal S. Design and Development of a Device for Performance Analysis and Injury Prevention in Boxing. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research. 2020;54(4):231-5. The article analyzes the correlation between the maximum force peak force/weight of the front and back feet, the time to reach the peak force, the rapid force index/weight, and the punching speed. At the same time, we select the parameters with significant correlation and the punching speed for curve estimation. In this way, it explores the relationship between the rapid force exertion of the lower limbs and the speed of punching. It provides practical support and guidance for the special strength training of the lower limbs of boxing.

METHOD

Research object

We take the relationship between the lower limbs’ rapid force and the punch's speed before boxing as the research object, and the test objects are 16 outstanding male boxers from competitive sports schools.

Experimental program

Two Swiss KISTLER three-dimensional force plates with built-in signal amplifiers.³3 Tshibangu AMN. Boxing Practitioners Physiology Review 1. Kinanthropometric Parameters, Skeletal Muscle Recruitment and Ergometry. Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 2020;10(1):1-24. Synchronization is achieved by connecting the digital-to-analog converter with the VICONMX infrared high-speed photography system.⁴4 Gatt IT, Allen T, Wheat J. Accuracy and repeatability of wrist joint angles in boxing using an electromagnetic tracking system. Sports Engineering. 2020;23(1):1-10. According to the principle of bionics, the Chinese Kung Fu test engineer has a deformation coefficient of the skin and internal filling similar to that of the human body. As a fixed target in this study.

The subject wore boxing shoes and boxing gloves. The volunteers warmed up for 15 minutes and then practiced hitting the boxer target for 3 minutes. Strike the engineer's sternum at the fastest speed with a straight punch with the front hand. Technical actions require completeness and coherence. Collect 3 successful hits, with an interval of 1 min between each hit.

Research on boxing force calibration method

We set the collision recovery coefficient between the hammer and the boxing surface as K. The recovery coefficient of collision between the gloved fist and the boxing surface is K'. Obviously K' < K. After many experiments, it can be represented by K' = 0.8 K. According to the relevant definition in theoretical mechanics, we set the recovery coefficient K as

õ₁ is the speed before the impact of the hammer; õ₂ is the speed before the impact of the boxing face. It is equal to 0. u₁ is the post-impact velocity of the hammer, which can be calculated from the recovery angle α₂. u₂ is the post-collision velocity of the boxing face. The impulse of boxing force is $S={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{t_0}Fdt}$. The average value of the force is defined as follows:

The formula for calculating the total impulse of a boxing collision is

Now υ₂ = 0, υ₁, K'. We substitute (3) into (2) to get the calibration formula

t₀ takes the average value of 0.04s.

Data processing

We use Visual3D software to calculate and smooth the experimental kinematics and dynamics data.⁵5 Kapo S, El-Ashker S, Kapo A, Colakhodzic E, Kajmovic H. Winning and losing performance in boxing competition: a comparative study. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021;21(3):1302-8. The article uses Butterworth's digital filter for low-pass filtering. After the kinetics data is processed, the data is imported into the Microsoft Excel table. Formula $V_{\mathit{\text{total}}}=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}$ is used to calculate the closing speed in the punching process. Use SPSS17.0 to perform statistical calculations on the obtained data. The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P<0.01 was taken as the standard of significant difference.

RESULTS

Test results of the ground support reaction force of the front and back feet with a straight fist

Determine the starting point (A, A1) of the active kicking phase of the front and rear feet. Determine the endpoint (B, B1) of the active kicking force phase in the EXCLE data according to the change of the curve value and mark it in the curve. See Table 1 for the obtained test results of related fast strength parameters.

Correlation analysis results of the rapid force exerted by the front and rear feet and the hitting effect

The fast force parameters of the front and back feet in Table 2 have been tested to be normally distributed. The average maximum speed of punching is (7.16±1.198) m/s. The correlation analysis results showed no significant correlation between the fast power parameters of the hind feet and the speed of punching (p>0.05). There is a significant correlation between the parameters of forefoot fast strength and punching speed.

Curve fitting and regression analysis results of forefoot fast strength parameters and punching speed

The interrelationship between the three fast power parameters is not suitable for multiple regression analysis, so unary regression analysis is used for data processing. Kinematics studies have shown that the maximum speed occurs before hitting a fixed target.⁶6 Eid AKAEF. Impact of training program for attack accompanied by foot work after feint on development of performance level for boxing juniors. International Journal of Sports Science and Arts. 2020;12(12):43-53. We will estimate the maximum force peak/weight curve, the time to reach the peak, the rapid force index/weight, and the punching speed of the fast force parameters of the front and back feet during the active kicking phase. (Table 3)

Curve fitting and regression analysis results show that the linear model of maximum forefoot peak strength/weight, fast strength index/weight, and punching speed has the best fit. There is a significant positive correlation; the time to reach the maximum strength and the punching speed quadratic curve model has the highest degree of fit. There is a quadratic function curve relationship. The calculation result of the extreme value (minimum value) of the quadratic function curve is X=0.118, Y=6.11.

DISCUSSION

The effect of rapid force exertion of the front and back feet on the speed of punching

The results of comparative regression analysis showed a linear relationship between the maximum force/weight, rapid force index/weight, and punching speed (P<0.01). The quadratic function relationship between the time to reach the maximum force peak when pushing the ground and the speed of punching (P<0.01). However, there is no significant correlation between hindfoot fast power and punching speed (P>0.05). The peak force of the forefoot is larger than that of the rear foot, the time for exerting force is longer, the rapid force index is high, and there are significant differences (P<0.01). The forefoot exerting force is the same as the right foot of the main exerting foot, and it plays a major role in the exertion of the lower limbs in this force exerting stage.⁷7 López-Laval I, Sitko S, Muñiz-Pardos B, Cirer-Sastre R, Calleja-González J. Relationship between bench press strength and punch performance in male professional boxers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2020;34(2):308-12.

The effect of the peak force of the forefoot on the speed of punching

The linear model between the peak force of the forefoot and the punching speed has the highest degree of fit and a significant positive correlation. It shows that increasing the maximum force of the fast forefoot kicking and stretching in the active kicking stage positively affects the punching speed. The backhand straight punch technique requires explosive rapid kick of the lower limbs and control of the center of gravity within a short distance.⁸8 Finlay MJ, Greig M, McCarthy J, Page RM. Physical response to pad-and bag-based boxing-specific training modalities. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2020;34(4):1052-61.

The impact of the time for the front foot to reach the peak force on the speed of punching

The curve fitting results show that the time to reach the maximum peak force of the forefoot has a quadratic function relationship with the punching speed. High-level special rapid power is manifested as a larger maximum power peak and shorter power generation time. A lower level of rapid power is manifested as a smaller maximum power peak and longer power generation time. The time to reach the peak force of the forefoot is the lowest at 118ms (6.11m/s).⁹9 Çakmakçi E, Tatlici A, Kahraman S, Yilmaz S, Ünsal B, Özkaymakoğlu C. Does once-a-week boxing training improve strength and reaction time?. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences-IJSETS. 2019;5(2):88-92. The maximum force and the time for rapid force exertion are not two isolated factors. Under the premise of ensuring the strength, reaching the maximum peak value in the shortest possible time can reflect the higher rapid strength level.

The effect of forefoot fast power index on punch speed

The fast power index is equal to the power divided by the time to exert force, which is an evaluation index of the speed of fast force exertion. This study is the derivative data of the maximum force exerted and the time to reach the maximum force. The study results show that there is a significant positive correlation between the fast strength index and the speed of punching. The speed at which the lower limbs push the ground is also an important factor that affects the speed of punching. This study shows that the increase of the rapid strength index has a positive effect on the speed of hitting.¹⁰10 Söyler M, Çinar A, Deliceoğlu G, Koçbay T. The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training Performed in the Speleotherapy (Salt Cave) Environment in Olympic National Boxers on Body Composition and Some Physical Parameter Abilities. Health. 2019;181(61):8-65. Increasing the speed of force exertion can have a positive effect on the speed of punching.

The main factors affecting the speed of punching in the parameters of fast forefoot strength

There is a linear relationship between the peak force of the front foot kicking the ground and the fast force index and punching speed. The correlation coefficients of the two are similar and greater than the correlation coefficient value of the force exertion time. This shows that the peak force of kicking the ground and the rapid force index are the dominant factors affecting punching speed. The fast power index is derived data related to the maximum power peak and the duration of the force. The time to reach the maximum power peak is moderately related to the punching speed, which also affects the rapid power index. From the overall analysis of the study results, the peak force of the front pedal and the rapid force index are more obvious for the speed of punching.

CONCLUSION

At the stage of straight punching with the front hand, the lower limbs actively pushing on the ground and exerting force, the rapid force exerted by the forefoot is an important factor that affects the speed of punching. Increasing the maximum force during the kicking stage with the front foot and the front foot of the front hand straight fist will help to increase the punching speed. Shortening the time of force exertion during the active kicking phase of the front hand straight fist and the front foot within a certain range will help to increase the punching speed.

References

Publication Dates

History