PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION STRETCHING VERSUS STATIC STRETCHING ON SPRINTING PERFORMANCE AMONG COLLEGIATE SPRINTERS

Authors

  • Jayaram Maharjan Padmashree Institute of Physiotherapy, No-15, 2nd ‘A’ cross, Nrupathunganagar, NGEF Layout, Nagarbhavi, Bangalore-560072.
  • H. S. Mallikarjunaiah Padmashree Institute of Physiotherapy.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15621/ijphy/2015/v2i4/67741

Keywords:

Static stretching, PNF stretching, Warm-up, sprinting performance, 40- yard sprint test

Abstract

Background: A warm-up is important part of preparation for sprinting. There is popularity of doing stretching as part of warm up before athletic activity. The static stretching and PNF stretching is performed by athletes but their effectiveness on sprinting performance is in state of debate. The objective is to determine the effect of static stretching and PNF stretching on sprinting performance in college sprinters and to compare the effects of PNF stretching over static stretching on sprinting performance in college sprinters.
Method: A total of 100 subjects were taken for the study that fulfill the inclusion criteria and all were divided into group- A (static stretching) and group- B (PNF stretching) by simple random sampling method. Both the groups received 5 minutes of warm-up exercises. Pre-Post design was used, which consisted of running a 40-yard sprint immediately following 2 stretching conditions aimed at the lower limb muscles
Results: In static stretching group sprint time changed from 6.55 with standard deviation of 0.93 to 6.12 with standard deviation of 1.02 (P<.001) and in PNF stretching group sprint time changed from 6.73 with standard deviation of 1.22 to 6.23 with standard deviation of 1.10 (P<.001). However when comparing between group- A (6.12±1.02) and group- B (6.23±1.10) there was no significant difference (P>.605).
Conclusion: Hence both static stretching and PNF stretching can be performed before sprinting activity to improve the sprinting performance.

References

1. Troy. Sprinting: A Tool for Developing Lean Muscle Mass and More. Available from url: http://metroflexplano.com. 2. Schmolinsky G. Track and field. 1983. Sportverlog, Berlin. 3. Ross H. Miller, Brian R. Umberger, Graham E. Coldwell. Limitation to maximum sprinting speed impose by muscle mechanical properties. Journal of biomechanics. 2012;45(6):1092-7. 4. Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill. Optimizing Performance in Sports. Physiology of Sports and Exercise. 3rd edition;2004. 5. Bundle, Weyand. key to performance for elite sprinters and running mechanics, Available from Int J Physiother 2015; 2(4) Page | 625 url:http://www.redorbit.com/news/science. (Accessed August 1, 2012). 6. NikbakhtHojatallah, AmirtashAlimohammd, HossiniFatemeh, MasuodiNezhad Monire. The effects of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on explosive power and agility. Scholars Research Library, Annals of Biological Research.2012; 3(4):1904- 1908 7. Frank G. Shellock, William E. Prentice. Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports related injuries. Journal of Sports Medicine. 1985; 2: 267-278. 8. Smith CA. The warm-up procedure: to stretch or not to stretch- A brief review. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy.1994; 19(1):12-17. 9. Bixler B, Jones RL. High school football injuries: effects of a post-halftime warm-up and stretching routine. Journal of Family Practice Research.1992; 12(2):131-139. 10. Marc R. Safran, Anthony V. Seaber, William E. Garrett. Warm-up and muscular injury prevention an update. Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989; 8(4):239-249. 11. Alter MJ. Science of Flexibility. 3rd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics: 2004. 12. Woods k, Bishop P, Jones E. Warm-up and stretching in the prevention of muscular injury. Journal of Sports Medicine. 2007; 37(12):1089- 99. 13. Peter Brukner, Karim Khan. Principles of injury prevention. Clinical sports medicine. 3rd edition;2008. 14. Michael Samson, Duane C. Button, AnisChaouachi and David G. Behm. Effects of dynamic and static stretching within general and activity specific warm-up protocols. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2012;11(2): 279-285. 15. Nelson AG, Chambers RS, McGOwn CM, Penrose KW. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation verses weight training for enhancement of muscular strength and athletic performance. Journal of Orthopedic and Sport Physical therapy. 1986; 7 (5): 250-253 16. Carolyn Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby. Resistance Exercise for Impaired Muscle Performance. Therapeutic Exercises. 5th ed; 2007. 17. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effects of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Journal of Physical Therapy. 1997; 77(10):1090-6. 18. Kay AD, Blazevich AJ. Reductions of active planter flexor moment are significantly correlated with static stretch duration. European Journal of Sport Science. 2008;8(1):41-6. 19. Kayla B. Hindle, Tyler J. Whitcomb, Wyatt O. Briggs, and Junggi Hong. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF): Its Mechanisms and Effects on Range of Motion and Muscular Function. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2012; 31:105–113. 20. Sharman M, CResswell A, Riek S. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation stretching: Mechanisms and clinical implication. Journal of Sport Medicine 2006; 36(11):929-939. 21. Funk, Daniel C, Swank AM, Mikla Benjamin M, Fagan Todd A, Farr Brian K. Impact of Prior Exercise on Hamstring Flexibility: A Comparison of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static Stretching. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003; 17(3):489-492. 22. Feland JB, Marin HN. Effects of submaximal contraction intensity in contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching. Britis journal of sports medicine. 2004; 38(4):e18. 23. Marek SM, Cramer JT, Fincher AL, Massey LL, Dangelmaier SM, Purkayastha S, Fitz KA, Culbertson JY. Clinical Studies - Acute Effects of Static and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power Output. Journal of Athletic Training. 2005; 40(2):94-103. 24. Bradley PS, Olsen PD, Portas MD. The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007; 21(1):223– 226. 25. Mikolajec K, Waskiewicz Z, Maszczyk A, Bacik B, Kurek P, Zając A. Effects of Stretching and Strength Exercises on Speed and Power Abilities in Male Basketball Players. Isokinet Exercise Science. 2012; 20(1):1-22. 26. Caplan N, Rogers R, Parr MK, Hayes PR. The effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretch training on running mechanics. Journal of Strength and Conditionong Research. 2009; 23(4):1175–1180. 27. Nelson AG, Kokkonen J, Arnall DA. Acute Muscle Stretching Inhibits Muscle Strength and Endurance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2005; 19(2):338–343. 28. Sayers Adam L, Farley Richard S, Fuller Dana K, Jubenville Colby B. The Effect of Static Stretching on Phases of Sprint Performance in Elite Soccer Players. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008; 22(5):1416-21. Int J Physiother 2015; 2(4) Page | 626 29. Melanie J. Sharman, Andrew G. Cresswell and Stephan Riek. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Sports Medicine. 2006;36 (11): 929-939. 30. Mojock CD, Kim JS, Eccles DW, Panton LB. The effects of static stretching on running economy and endurance performance in female distance runners during treadmill running. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2011; 25(8):2170-6. 31. Little T, Williams AJ. Effects of differential stretching protocols during warm-ups on high speed motor capacities in professional footballers. J Strength Cond Res. 2006 ;20(1):203-7. 32. Mann RA, Moran GT, Dougherty SE. Comparative electromyography of the lower extremity in jogging, running, and sprinting. Journal of Sports Medicine. 1986; 14(6):501‐ 510. 33. Wallmann HW, Christensen SD, Perry C, Hoover DL. The acute effects of various types of stretching static, dynamic, ballistic, and no stretch of the iliopsoas on 40-yard sprint times in recreational runners. International Journal of Sports Physical Therrapy.2012;7(5):540-7 34. Rosenbaun D., Henning E. The influence of stretching and warm-up exercises on Achilles tendon reflex activity. Journal of sport science.1995; 13(6):481-90. 35. Michael Samson, Duane C. Button, Anis Chaouachi and David G. Beham. Effects of Dynamic and static stretching within general and activity specific warm-up protocol. Journal of sports science and medicine. 2012; 11 (2): 279-285. 36. Ian Shrier. Does Stretching Improve Performance? A Systematic and Critical Review of the Literature. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2004;14(5):267–273

Published

2015-08-07

How to Cite

Maharjan, J. ., & Mallikarjunaiah, H. S. (2015). PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION STRETCHING VERSUS STATIC STRETCHING ON SPRINTING PERFORMANCE AMONG COLLEGIATE SPRINTERS. International Journal of Physiotherapy, 2(4), 619–626. https://doi.org/10.15621/ijphy/2015/v2i4/67741

Issue

Section

Original Articles