Review of Internal Marketing Practices: Conceptual Exploration to Employee Development and Institutional Excellence

Authors

  • Research Scholar, Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar – 125 001, Haryana
  • Professor, Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar –125 001, Haryana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15410/aijm/2021/v10i2/166183

Keywords:

Employee Development, Employees’s Work Attitude, Empowerment, Internal Communication, Internal Marketing, Job Involvement, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment

Abstract

This paper aims to have a glance at the Internal Marketing facilities given to the employees in various organizations and secondly to discuss whether the employees are satisfied by these facilities. Internal Marketing is based on the predetermined belief that employees are the foremost customers of the organization. Adopting Internal Marketing practices like internal communication, employee development, empowerment help to induce job satisfaction, job involvement as well as organizational commitment in the internal customers of the organizations. In the absence of empirical work linking Internal Marketing facilities and employees’ work attitude, conceptual work on literature review is carried out. It was indicated that Internal Marketing can affect employees’ work attitudes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Published

2021-07-12

How to Cite

Luthra, Y., & Punia, B. K. (2021). Review of Internal Marketing Practices: Conceptual Exploration to Employee Development and Institutional Excellence. ANVESHAK-International Journal of Management, 10(2), 43–79. https://doi.org/10.15410/aijm/2021/v10i2/166183

Issue

Section

Articles

References

Abzari M., Ghorbani H., & Madani F. A. (2011). The effect of Internal Marketing on organizational commitment from market-orientation viewpoint in hotel industry in Iran. International Journal Marketing Studies, 2011; 3(1):147–155. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v3n1p147

Aggarwal, U. & Bhargava, S. (2009). Reviewing the relationship between human resource practices and psychological contract and their impact on employee attitude and behaviours. Journal of European Industrial Training, 2009; 33(1):4–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910924351

Ahmad, H., Ahmad, K., & Shah, I. A. (2010). Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance attitude towards work and organizational commitment. European Journal of Social Sciences, 2010; 18(2):257–267.

Ahmed, P. K. & Rafiq, M. (2003). Internal Marketing issues and challenges. European Journal of Marketing, 2003; 37(9):1177–1186. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310498813

Ahmed, P. K., & Rafiq, M. (2002). Internal Marketing: Tools and concepts for customer-focused management. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-4838-7.50008-9

Allport, G. W. (1943). The Ego in Contemporary Psychology. Psychological Review, 1943; 50(5):451–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055375

Ballantyne, D. (1997). Internal networks for Internal Marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 1997; 13(5):343–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.1997.9964479

Ballantyne, D. (2000a). The strengths and weaknesses of Internal Marketing, in Varey, R. and Lewis, B. (Eds). Internal Marketing: Directions for Management, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203207352.ch3

Ballantyne, D. (2000b). Internal relationship marketing: A strategy for knowledge renewal. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2000b; 18(6):274–286. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320010358698

Ballantyne, D. (2003). A relationship-mediated theory of Internal Marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 2003; 37(9):1242–1260. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310486979

Ballantyne, D., Christopher, M. and Payne, A. (1995). Improving the quality of services marketing: service (re) design is the critical link. Journal of Marketing Management, 1995; 2(1):7–24. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/0267257X.1995.9964326

Balta, S. (2018). The influence of Internal Marketing on employee satisfaction in the service industry. Business Management Dynamics, 2018; 8(1):12–15.

Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 1960; 66(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1086/222820

Bernstein, S. L. (2005). Internal Marketing of an ED-based public health initiative. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2005; 23(3):411–413. PMid: 15915434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2005.02.026

Berry, L. L., Hensel, J. S., & Burke, M. C. (1976). Improving retailer capability for effective consumerism response. Journal of Retailing, 1976; 52(3):3–14.

Berry, L.L. (1981). The employee as customer. Journal of Retail Banking, 1981; 3:25–28.

Berry, L.L. & Parasuraman, A. (1991). Marketing services: Competing through quality. New York: The Free Press. 1991.

Caruana, A., & Calleya, P. (1998). The effect of Internal Marketing on organizational commitment among retail bank managers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 1998; 16(3):108–116. https://doi.

org/10.1108/02652329810213510

Cha, J. B., & Ryu, G. Y. (2013). The relationship among Internal Marketing activities, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention in Pharmaceutical Companies-Focusing on Pharmaceutical Salespeople. The Korean Journal of Health Service Management, 2013; 7(1):69–82. https://doi.org/10.12811/ kshsm.2013.7.1.069

Chang, C. S., & Chang, H. H. (2007). Effects of Internal Marketing on nurse job satisfaction and organizational commitment: Example of medical centers in southern Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing Research: JNR, 2007; 15(4):265–274. PMid: 18080971. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JNR.0000387623.02931.a3

Chong, M. (2007). The role of internal communication and training in infusing corporate values and delivering brand promise: Singapore Airlines’ experience. Corporate Reputation Review, 2007; 10(3):201– 212. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550051

Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 2007; 17(3):336–354. https://doi.

org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.05.001

Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 1988; 13(3):471–482. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1988.4306983

De Bruin, L., Roberts-Lombard, M., & De Meyer-Heydenrych, C. (2020). Internal Marketing, service quality and perceived customer satisfaction. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2020; 12(1):199–224. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2019-0185

De Bruin, L., Roberts-Lombard, M., & de Meyer-Heydenrych, C. (2021). The inter relationship between Internal Marketing, employee perceived quality and customer satisfaction - A conventional banking perspective. Cogent Business and Management, 2021; 8(1):1872-887. (Published ahead of time). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1872887

Dimitriades, Z. S., & Maroudas, T. (2007). Internal service climate and psychological empowerment among public employees. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 2007; 1(4):377–400. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506160710839196

Dubin, R. (1956). Industrial workers’ worlds: A study of the central life interests of industrial workers. Social Problems, 1956; 3(3):131–142. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1956.3.3.03a00010

Dunne, P.A. & Barnes, J.G. (2000). Internal Marketing: A relationships and value creation view, in Varey, R. and Lewis, B. (Eds), Internal marketing: Directions for management, London: Routledge. https:// doi.org/10.4324/9780203207352.ch12

Ewing, M. T., & Caruana, A. (1999). An Internal Marketing approach to public sector management: The marketing and human resources interface. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 1999; 12(1):17–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513559910262652

Farzad, A., Nahavandi, N., & Caruana, A. (2008). The effect of Internal Marketing on organizational commitment in Iranian banks. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2008; 5(11):1480–1486. https://doi.

org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.1480.1486

Fletcher, L., Alfes, K., & Robinson, D. (2018). The relationship between perceived training and development and employee retention: The mediating role of work attitudes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2018; 29(18):2701–2728. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1262888

Foreman, S. K., & Money, A. H. (1995). Internal Marketing: Concepts, measurement and application. Journal of Marketing Management, 1995; 11(8):755–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.1995.9964388

George, W. R. (1990). Internal Marketing and organizational behavior: A partnership in developing customer-conscious employees at every level. Journal of Business Research, 1990; 20(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(90)90043-D

George, W.R. & Gronroos, C. (1989). Developing customer conscious employees at every level- Internal Marketing “, in Congram, C.A. and Friedman, M.L. (Eds). Handbook of Services Marketing, New York: AMACOM, 1989. p. 29–37.

Gibson, C. H. (1991). A concept analysis of empowerment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1991; 16(3):354–361. PMid: 2037742. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1991.tb01660.x

Gronroos, C. (1981). Internal Marketing- An integral part of marketing theory, in Donnelly, J.H. and George, W.R. (Eds), Marketing of Services, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, 1981, p. 236–8.

Grönroos, C. & Gummesson, E. (1985). The nordic school of services - An introduction, in C. Grönroos and E. Gummesson (eds) Service marketing - Nordic school perspectives, Series R2, Stockholm: University of Stockholm. 1985. p. 6–11.

Herington, C., Johnson, L.W., & Scott, D. (2006). Internal Relationships - Linking practitioner literature and relationship marketing theory. European Business Review, 2006; 18(5):364–381. https://doi.

org/10.1108/09555340610686958

Hogg, G., Carter, S. & Dunne, A. (1998). Investing in people: Internal Marketing and corporate culture, Journal of Marketing Management, 1998; 14(8):879–895. https://doi.

org/10.1362/026725798784867563

Huang, Y. T. (2020). Internal Marketing and internal customer: A review, reconceptualization and extension. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 2020; 19(3):165–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533266 7.2019.1664873

Hung, C. L. (2012). Internal Marketing, teacher job satisfaction and effectiveness of central Taiwan primary schools. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 2012; 40(9):1435–1450. https:// doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.9.1435

Joseph, W. B. (1996). Internal Marketing builds service quality. Journal of Health Care Marketing, 1996; 16(1):54–59.

Joshi, R. (2007). Internal Marketing in service organizations: Need for reorientation. ICFAI Journal of Services Marketing, 2007; 5(4):28–36.

Kanyurhi, E.B. & Akonkwa, D.B.M. (2016). Internal Marketing, employee job satisfaction and perceived organizational performance in microfinance institutions. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2016; 34(5):773–796. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-06-2015-0083

Kaurav, R.P.S., Paul, J. & Chowdhary, N. (2015). Effect of Internal Marketing on hotels: Empirical evidence for internal customers. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 2015; 16(4):311–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2015.1090247

Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. (2015). Cited in Internal Marketing, (Retrieved on March 31, 2021). 2015. https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/marketing/internal-marketing/internal-marketing/21294

Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, 7th ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1991.

Lawler, E. E., & Hall, D. T. H. (1970). Relationship of job characteristics to job involvement satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1970; 54(4):305–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/ h0029692

Lee, C. H., & Bruvold, N. T. (2003). Creating value for employees: Investment in employee development. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2003; 14(6):981–1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519032000106173

Lewis, R. C. (1989). Hospitality marketing: The internal approach. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 1989; 30(3):40– 45. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088048903000314

Li, L., Zhu, B., Cai, X., Long, X., & Park, C. (2019). Internal service quality affects salespersons’ performance and turnover intention: Mediating role of job involvement. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 2019; 47(8):1–11. https://doi.org/10.2224/ sbp.8251

Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1969; 4(4):309–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90013-0

Lodahl, T. M., & Kejnar, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1965; 49(1):24–33. PMid: 14279757. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021692

Longbottom, D., Osseo-Asare Jr, A. E., Chourides, P., & Murphy, W. D. (2006). Real quality: does the future of TQM depend on Internal Marketing? Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 2006; 17(6):709–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360600594370

Manhas, P. S., & Sarangal, R. K. (2015). Internal Marketing practices and employee job satisfaction: A case of life insurance. The Indian Journal of Commerce, 2015; 68(4):71–79.

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Application. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. 1997.

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1979; 14(2):224–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1

Nart, S., Sututemiz, N., Nart, S., & Karatepe, O. M. (2019). Internal Marketing practices, genuine emotions and their effects on hotel employees’ customer-oriented behaviors. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 2019; 18(1):47–70. https://doi.org/10.10 80/15332845.2019.1526509

Oludayo, O. A., Akanbi, C. O., Obot, B. M., Popoola, S. I., & Atayero, A. A. (2018). Influence of talent retention strategy on employees׳ attitude to work: Analysis of survey data. Data in Brief, 2018; 20:698–705. PMid: 30211263 PMCid: PMC6129722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.103

O’Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986; 71(3):492–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.492

Panigyrakis, G. G., & Theodoridis, P. K. (2009). Internal Narketing impact on business performance in a retail context. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 2009; 37(7):600–628. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550910964620

Pavlidou, C. T., & Efstathiades, A. (2021). The effects of Internal Marketing strategies on the organizational culture of secondary public schools. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2021; 84:101894. PMid: 33278718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101894

Piercy, N. & Morgan, N. (1991). Internal Marketing: The missing half of the marketing programme. Long Range Planning, 1991; 24(2):82– 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(91)90083-Z

Piercy, N. F. (1995). Customer satisfaction and the internal market. Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, 1995; 1(1):22–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000003878

Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1974; 59(5):603–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037335

Proctor, T., & Doukakis, I. (2003). Change management: The role of internal communication and employee development. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 2003; 8(4):268–277. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280310506430

Rafiq, M., & Ahmed, P. K. (1993). The scope of Internal Marketing: Defining the boundary between marketing and human resource management. Journal of Marketing Management, 1993; 9(3):219–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.1993.9964234

Rafiq, M., & Ahmed, P. K. (2000). Advances in the Internal Marketing concept: Definition, synthesis and extension. Journal of Services Marketing, 2000; 14(6):449–462. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040010347589

Riketta, M. (2008). The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis of panel studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2008; 93(2):472–481. PMid: 18361647. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.472

Roberts-Lombard, M. (2010). Employees as customers - An Internal Marketing study of the Avis car rental group in South Africa. African Journal of Business Management, 2010; 4(4):362–372.

Sahibzada, U. F., Jianfeng, C., Latif, F., & Shafait, Z. (2019). Development and validation of a multidimensional instrument for measuring Internal Marketing in Chinese higher education. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 2019; 32(3):413–435. https:// doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2018-0206

Saleh, S. D., & Hosek, J. (1976). Job involvement: Concepts and measurements. Academy of Management Journal, 1976; 19(2):213– 224. https://doi.org/10.2307/255773

Sarker, M. A. R., & Ashrafi, D. M. (2018). The relationship between Internal Marketing and employee job satisfaction: A study from retail shops in Bangladesh. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 2018; 12(3):149–159. https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ V12IS03/ART-13

Sasser, W. E., & Arbeit, S. P. (1976).Selling jobs in the service sector. Business Horizons, 1976; 19(3):61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/00076813(76)90053-7

Schein, E. H. (1977). Increasing organizational effectiveness through better human resource planning and development. Sloan Management Review, 1977; 19(1):1–20.

Shahab, M. A., & Nisa, I. (2014). The influence of leadership and work attitudes toward job satisfaction and performance of employee. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 2014; 2(5):69–77.

Shiu, Y. M., & Yu, T. W. (2010). Internal Marketing, organisational culture, job satisfaction and organisational performance in non-life insurance. The Service Industries Journal, 2010; 30(6): 793–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060701849840

Sincic, D., & Poloski Vokic, N. (2007). Integrating internal communications, human resource management and marketing concepts into the new Internal Marketing philosophy. EFZG Working Paper Series, 2007; 12:1–13.

Smith, P. L., Smits, S. J., & Hoy, F. (1998). Employee work attitudes: The subtle influence of gender. Human Relations, 1998; 51(5):649–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679805100504

Stauss, B., & Hoffman, F. (2000). Using business television. cited in Varey, RJ, Lewis, BR (Eds.), Internal Marketing: Directions for Management. London: Routledg, 2000. p. 139–59.

Steyn TFJ, Ellis SM, and Musika FAA (2014). Implementing relationship marketing: The role of internal and external customer orientation. Paper Presented in European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management (EIASM) Workshop on Relationship Marketing on 27-28 January. 2004. p. 1–19.

Susanty, A., Miradipta, R., & Jie, F. (2013). Analysis of the effect of attitude toward works, organizational commitment and job satisfaction, on employee’s job performance. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2013; 1(10):15–24. https://doi.org/10.9744/jti.15.1.13-24

Tang, A. D., Chang, M. L., Wang, T. H., & Lai, C. H. (2020). How to create genuine happiness for flight attendants: Effects of Internal Marketing and work-family interface. Journal of Air Transport

Management, 2020; 87:101860. (Published ahead of time) 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101860

Ting, S. C. (2011). The effect of Internal Marketing on organizational commitment: Job involvement and job satisfaction as mediators. Educational Administration Quarterly, 2011; 47(2):353–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X10387589

To, W. M., Martin Jr, E. F., & Billy, T. W. (2015). Effect of management commitment to Internal Marketing on employee work attitude. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2015; 45:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.11.002

Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W. & Tripoli, A. M. (1997). Alternative approaches to the employee-organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off? Academy of Management Journal, 1997; 40(5):1089–1121. https://doi.org/10.5465/256928

Varey, R. & Lewis, B. (1999). A broadened conception of Internal Marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 1999; 33(9-10):926–944. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569910285869

Varey, R. & Lewis, B. (Eds) (2000). Internal Marketing: Directions for Management, Routledge, London. 2000.

Varey, R. J. (1995). Internal Marketing: A review and some interdisciplinary research challenges. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 1995; 6(1):40–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239510078849

Varey, R. J. (2001). Internal Marketing communication. Marketing communication, Taylor & Francis Ltd., Abingdon. 2001. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203466919

Varey, R. J., & Lewis, B. R. (2000). Internal Marketing: Directions for management. New York: Routledge.2000. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203207352.ch16

White, C., Vanc, A., & Stafford, G. (2010). Internal communication, information satisfaction, and sense of community: The effect of personal influence. Journal of Public Relations Research, 2010;

(1):65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260903170985

Wieseke, J., Ahearne, M., Lam, S. K., & Van Dick, R. (2009). The role of leaders in Internal Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 2009; 73(2):123–145. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.2.123

Wu, W. Y., Tsai, C. C., & Fu, C. S. (2013). The relationships among Internal Marketing, job satisfaction, relationship marketing, customer orientation and organizational performance: An empirical study of

TFT-LCD companies in Taiwan. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing and Service Industries, 2013; 23(5):436–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20329

Yao, Q., Chen, R., & Cai, G. (2013). How Internal Marketing can cultivate psychological empowerment and enhance employee performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 2013;

(4):529–537. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.4.529

Yates, K. (2006). Internal communication effectiveness enhances bottom-line results. Journal of Organizational Excellence, 2006; 25(3):71–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.20102

Yoganathan, V., Osburg, V. S., & Bartikowski, B. (2021). Building better employer brands through employee social media competence and online social capital. Psychology and Marketing, 2021; 38(3):524–536. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21451