Abstract
Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a rich source of phenolics and anthocyanins. It was aimed to investigate the effect of different extraction methods such as conventional solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) on antioxidant activity and phenolic profiling of black rice free, esterified, and bound phenolics fractions. Spectrophotometric methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity and HPTLC was used for phenolics profiling. The highest content of % yield, total anthocyanin (TAC), total phenolic (TPC), and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were detected in MAE. It was also observed that antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, superoxide radical-scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays showed highest activity in MAE. Eight phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by a validated HPTLC method. MAE showed most abundant phenolic compounds. A significant positive correlation was established between % yield, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content (p < 0.05) where a significant negative correlation was established between % yield, TPC, and TFC with IC50 of antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). Diverse phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were studied with different forms of phenolics with the different extraction methods. It designates that the extraction techniques had effects on the bioactive compounds as well biological properties.
Funding source: University of North Bengal
Award Identifier / Grant number: Ref. No. 2323/R-2022
Funding source: Science and Engineering Research Board
Award Identifier / Grant number: SRG/2019/001910
Funding source: University Grants Commission
Award Identifier / Grant number: No. F. 30-515/2020(BSR);12/02/2020
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the University of North Bengal for providing facilities for research.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: The financial support of SERB-SRG (File no. SRG/2019/001910), India, UGC-SRG (No. F. 30-515/2020[BSR];12/02/2020), India and the University assistance/support for the research project (Ref. No. 2323/R-2022), University of North Bengal, India are greatly acknowledged.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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