Abstract
Effect of 2 MeV Ni+ ion beam irradiation with varying fluences on the surface, structural, and mechanical characteristics of titanium will be explored. For this objective, titanium targets were exposed to nickel ions obtained from a pelletron linear accelerator with 2 MeV energy and various fluences extending from 3 × 1012 to 7 × 1015 ions/cm2. Penetration features and damage evolution of 2 MeV Ni-ion in titanium have been estimated by employing SRIM-2013 software. Various characterization tools were employed to confirm the modifications in the ion beam irradiated targets. The surface and crystallographic variations of ion beam irradiated targets were explored by employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Tensile testing and microhardness analysis was performed by utilizing a software-controlled 50 KN universal tensile testing machine and Vickers’s hardness tester, respectively. The SEM analysis represents random and irregularly distributed sputter morphology for lower ion fluences. With the increase of ion fluence, the pores keep growing radially while the growth rate slows down. At the highest ion fluence, localized melting, evaporation and expulsion of surface material were recorded at the irradiated zone. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed no additional phases to be developed in the Ni-ion treated titanium. However, a variation in the peak intensity and slight angle/position shifting was reported, which depicts the creation of ion-induced stresses and defects. The mechanical testing results indicated the variations in the mechanical characteristics (yield stress, ultimate tensile stress, hardness etc.) of irradiated titanium. The hardness, yield stress and ultimate tensile strength increased monotonically with the increase of ion fluence. The reported modifications in the mechanical characteristics of irradiated titanium are in good accordance with structural and surface modifications. The stated changes in the irradiated titanium are ascribed to the development of ions induced stress as well to creation, augmentation/expansion, recombination, and annihilation of the ion-induced defects.
Acknowledgment
Special thanks are due to Dr. Mohsin Rafique (Assistant Professor, CASP GCU Lahore) for his valuable help in the SRIM calculations.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Data availability statement: The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
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