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Precedence clauses in the world’s languages: negative markers need not be expletive

  • Jesús Olguín Martínez EMAIL logo

Abstract

Large-scale typological work on negation has so far ignored negation in adverbial clause-linkage. The present work makes inroads into this territory by analyzing the world-wide cross-linguistic variation in the expression of negation in precedence clauses (e.g. ‘before he arrived, we had already gone home’) in a variety sample of 155 languages. The research demonstrates that even when languages employ a clause-linking marker for conveying temporal precedence, negative markers may play an important role in that they may be obligatory, optional, or forbidden in the precedence clause. It is proposed that whether the clause-linking marker is semantically monofunctional or polyfunctional is the key to this puzzle. As for precedence clauses containing polyfunctional clause-linking markers and negative markers, it is shown that negation must not be considered expletive. With respect to precedence clauses occurring with monofunctional markers, it is proposed that the precedence clause tends not to license a negative marker. Moreover, it is shown that optional negative markers in precedence clauses may have an evaluative sense, which reflects the epistemic stance of the speaker. The paper also explores whether the analysis of precedence clauses put forward in the present research can be generalized to other adverbial clause-linkage constructions: negative concomitance clauses (e.g. ‘I cooked the soup without stirring it even once’).


Corresponding author: Jesús Olguín Martínez, English Department, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA, E-mail:

Appendix

Clause-linkage pattern, semantic mono/polyfunctionality, and type of negation of precedence clauses

Language Marker encoding precedence clauses Mono/polyfunctionality Negation in precedence clause Source
!Xun Conjunction Polyfunctional Forbidden König and Heine (2001)
Ainu Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Refsing (1986)
Aguaruna Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Overall (2017)
Alto Perené Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Mihas (2015)
Amuzgo Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Buck (2015)
Anindilyakwa Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Leeding (1989)
Apinajé Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Cunha de Oliveira (2005)
Armenian Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Dum-Tragut (2009)
Arrernte Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Wilkins (1989)
Atong Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Van Breugel (2014)
Bangime Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Heath and Hantgan (2018)
Bantawa Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Doornenbal (2009)
Baoan Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Fried (2010)
Barbareño Chumash Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Wash (2001)
Basque Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Hualde and Ortiz de Urbina (2003)
Batak Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Woollams (1996)
Baure Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Danielsen (2007)
Beja Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Vanhove (2014)
Bilua Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Obata (2003)
Boko Conjunction Monofunctional Optional McCallum (1998)
Bru Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Engelkemier (2010)
Bunan Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Widmer (2017)
Burushaski Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Noboru (2012)
Central Alaskan Yup’ik Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Miyaoka (2012)
Chitimacha Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Daniel Hieber (personal communication)
Cholón Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Alexander-Bakkerus (2005)
Cubeo Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Morse and Maxwell (1999)
Cupeño Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Hill (2005)
Dargwa Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Sumbatova and Mutalov (2003)
Duka Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Bendor-Samuel et al. (1973)
Emai Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Schaefer and Egbokhare (2017)
English Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Quirk et al. (1985)
Epena Pedee Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Harms (1994)
Eton Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Van de Velde (2008)
Finnish Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Sulkala and Karjalainen (1992)
Fongbe Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Lefebvre and Brousseau (2002)
Gaahmg Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Stirtz (2011)
Gamilaraay Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Giacon (2014)
Garifuna Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Quesada (2017)
Garrwa Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Mushin (2012)
Georgian Conjunction Polyfunctional Forbidden Hewitt (1995)
Gooniyandi Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden McGregor (1990)
Greek Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Holton et al. (1997)
Gumuz Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Ahland (2012)
Hadza Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Kirk Miller (personal communication)
Haida Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Enrico (2003)
Hausa Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Bagari (1976)
Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Newman (2000)
Hebrew Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Rubinstein et al. (2015)
Huasteca Nahuatl Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Author’s fieldwork
Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory
Huitoto Murui Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Wojtylak (2020)
Hungarian Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Kenesei et al. (1998)
Hup Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Epps (2008)
Ik Conjunction Polyfunctional Forbidden Schrock (2014)
Ilocano Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Galvez Rubino (1997)
Inanwatan Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory De Vries (2004)
Indonesian Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Sneddon et al. (2010)
Ingush Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Nichols (2011)
Iquito Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Michael (2009)
Iraqw Converb Polyfunctional Forbidden Mous (1992)
Izi Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Meier et al. (1975)
Jalkunan Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Heath (2017)
Japanese Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Martin (1988)
Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden
Japhug Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Jacques (2014)
Kabba Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Moser (2004)
Kalkatungu Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Blake (1979)
Kayah Monu Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Wai (2013)
Ket Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Nefedov (2015)
Kharia Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Peterson (2011)
Khmer Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Haiman (2011)
Khwarshi Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Khalilova (2009)
Kisi Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Childs (1995)
Komnzo Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Döhler (2018)
Korean Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Yoon (2011)
Kukama-Kukamiria Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Vallejos (2016)
Kwaza Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Van der Voort (2004)
Lango Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Noonan (1992)
Lao Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Enfield (2007)
Lawa Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Blok (2013)
Lele Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Frajzyngier (2001)
Lezgian Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Haspelmath (1993)
Lillooet Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Van Ejik (1997)
Lumun Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Smits (2017)
Macushi Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Abbott (1991)
Ma’di Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Blackings and Fabb (2003)
Majang Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Joswig (2019)
Makary Kotoko Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Allison (2020)
Makasae Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Huber (2008)
Malto Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Puttaswamy (2009)
Mamaindé Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Eberhard (2009)
Manambu Converb Polyfunctional Forbidden Aikhenvald (2008)
Mandarin Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Li and Thompson (1981)
Mapuche Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Smeets (2008)
Maricopa Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Gordon (1986)
Matsés Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Fleck (2003)
Mbembe Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Richter (2014)
Miriwung Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Kofod (1978)
Mongsen Ao Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Coupe (2006)
Mosetén Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Sakel (2002)
Moskona Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Gravelle (2010)
Motuna Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Onishi (1994)
Movima Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Haude (2006)
Musqueum Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Suttles (2004)
Ngiti Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Kutsch Lojenga (1994)
Noon Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Soukka (2000)
Nuosu Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Gerner (2013)
Nyangumartha Converb Polyfunctional Forbidden Sharp (2004)
Oksapmin Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Loughnane (2009)
Ottawa Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Valentine (2009)
Onondaga Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Woodbury (2018)
Paez Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Gerdel and Slocum (1976)
Paiwan Conjunction Polyfunctional Forbidden Chang (2006)
Palula Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Liljegren (2016)
Paresi Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Barros Brandão (2014)
Paumarí Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Chapman and Derbyshire (1991)
Persian Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Yousef (2018)
Piro Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Hanson (2010)
Pnar Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Ring (2015)
Rukai Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Zeitoun (2007)
Russian Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Wade (2011)
Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Bernard Comrie (personal communication)
Saami Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Feist (2010)
Saaroa Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Pan (2012)
Santiago Chinantec Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Anderson (2018)
Savosavo Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Wegener (2008)
Semelai Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Kruspe (2004)
Sidaama Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Kawachi (2007)
Slave Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Rice (1989)
Somali Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Saeed (1999)
Southeastern Tepehuan Conjunction Monofunctional Optional García Salido (2014)
Spanish Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Butt et al. (2019)
Supyire Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Carlson (1994)
Tamashek Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Heath (2005)
Tamil Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Lehmann (1993)
Tariana Converb Monofunctional Forbidden Aikhenvald (2003)
Telugu Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Krishnamurti and Gwynn (1985)
Teribe Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Quesada (2000)
Thao Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Wang (2004)
Trumai Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Guirardello (1999)
Ts’ixa Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Fehn (2014)
Tommo So Converb Monofunctional Forbidden McPherson (2013)
Toqabaqita Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Lichtenberk (2008)
Tundra Nenets Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Nikolaeva (2014)
Turkish Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Kornfilt (1997)
Tzeltal Conjunction Polyfunctional Obligatory Polian (2013)
Udihe Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Nikolaeva and Tolskaya (2001)
Udmurt Converb Polyfunctional Forbidden Georgieva (2018)
Urarina Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Olawsky (2006)
Welsh Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden King (2003)
Worrorra Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Clendon (2014)
Xong Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Sposato (2015)
Yagua Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Payne (1985)
Yaqui Converb Polyfunctional Obligatory Dedrick and Casad (1999)
Lindenfeld (1973)
Yimas Conjunction Monofunctional Forbidden Foley (1991)
Yuchi Converb Monofunctional Obligatory Linn (2000)
Yukaghir Conjunction Monofunctional Optional Maslova (2003)

Abbreviations

1

first person

2

second person

3

third person

abe

abessive

abl

ablative

abs

absolutive

acc

accusative

adess

adessive

adv

adverbial

aff

affirmative

an

frozen an- prefix

ant

anteriority

anticaus

anticausative

aor

aorist

art

article

asp

aspect

assoc

associative

augm

augmentative

auto

auto-benefactive

aux

auxiliar

caus

causative

cl

classifier

comp

complementizer

compl

completive

concl

conclusive

conj

conjunction

cvb

converb

dat

dative

def

definite

deic

deictic

dem

demonstrative

det

determiner

dir

directional

disc

discontinuous

dist

distal

du

dual

dur

durative

dyn

dynamic

edo

external direct object

ep

epenthetic

erg

ergative

ess

essive

evid

evidential

excl

exclusive

exis

existential

f

feminine

fact

factual

fin

finite

foc

focus

fut

future

gen

genitive

gend

gender

hab

habitual

hes

hesitation

hith

hither

hort

hortative

hyp

hypothetical

imp

imperative

incep

inceptive

incl

inclusive

incompl

incompletive

ind

indicative

indef

indefinite

inf

infinitive

instr

instrumental

intr

intransitive

ipfv

imperfective

irr

irrealis

link

linker

loc

locative

m

masculine

mid

middle

nc

noun class

neg

negative

nmlz

nominalizer

nom

nominative

non

non-

npl

non-human plural

obj

object

obl

oblique

opt

optative

part

partitive

pfv

perfective

pl

plural

pn

personal name

poss

possessive

prog

progressive

prs

present

pst

past

ptcp

participle

rdp

reduplication

ref

referential

refl

reflexive

relat

relational

rem

remote

rep

reportative

sbj

subject

sbjv

subjunctive

sg

singular

sim

similarity

sps

sequential impersonal passive

srel

superelative case

sress

superessive case

stat

stative

sub

subordinator

tel

telic

top

topic

trans

transitive

u

thematic element

ven

venitive

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Published Online: 2023-11-29
Published in Print: 2023-11-27

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