Abstract
Previous studies of native English speakers learning Spanish as a second language (L2) document compromise voice onset time (VOT) values; however, the focus has been predominantly on voiceless stops and has almost exclusively investigated beginning and intermediate learners. This study fills a gap in the literature by considering the acquisition of VOT in both voiceless and voiced Spanish stops by long-time native English-speaking residents of Spain. Overall, the results show that the L2 speakers’ VOT values differ from those of native speakers across all stop consonants; yet L2 speakers’ productions of voiceless, as opposed to voiced, stops more closely approximate those of native speakers. Considerable individual variation is observed as no speaker achieves native-like performance overall, and no consonant is mastered by more than half of the speakers. Results are considered in light of what they contribute to our understanding of ultimate attainment of Spanish VOT, specifically, and L2 phonology more generally.
Appendix
Counts of analyzed tokens.
| NES Residents of Spain | NSS Control Group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| position | lexical stress | position | lexical stress | |||||||
| utterance initial | word initial | word medial | tonic | atonic | utterance initial | word initial | word medial | tonic | atonic | |
| /p/ | 80 | 80 | 80 | 88 | 152 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 55 | 94 |
| /t/ | 70 | 80 | 78 | 111 | 117 | 45 | 50 | 50 | 70 | 75 |
| /k/ | 46 | 79 | 77 | 110 | 92 | 29 | 50 | 48 | 68 | 59 |
| /b/ | 70 | 38 | 32 | 44 | 24 | 20 | ||||
| /d/ | 78 | 22 | 56 | 50 | 15 | 35 | ||||
| /g/ | 79 | 16 | 63 | 50 | 10 | 40 | ||||
Summary of individual VOT productions by phoneme, outliers not excluded.
| Speaker | /p/ | /b/ | /t/ | /d/ | /k/ | /g/ | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | |
| NES 0.1 | 24 | 10 | 6:47 | −4 | 24 | −60:13 | 27 | 10 | 14:49 | −17 | 15 | −39:8 | 31 | 10 | 7:48 | −6 | 29 | −72:17 |
| NES 0.2 | 14 | 6 | 9:35 | −16 | 37 | −102:9 | 21 | 6 | 12:38 | −28 | 26 | −68:19 | 27 | 17 | 0:60 | −1 | 27 | −53:35 |
| NES 0.3 | 24 | 10 | 5:49 | 4 | 15 | -32:20 | 31 | 14 | 11:69 | 18 | 2 | 15:22 | 38 | 13 | 19:68 | −4 | 44 | −89:23 |
| NES 0.4 | 10 | 8 | 0:37 | −19 | 27 | −54:18 | 18 | 7 | 8:33 | −8 | 31 | −66:18 | 27 | 11 | 0:50 | 7 | 21 | −43:30 |
| NES 0.5 | 22 | 15 | 0:54 | −16 | 38 | −69:49 | 32 | 10 | 15:57 | −16 | 43 | −64:69 | 35 | 16 | 0:59 | 6 | 78 | −195: 118 |
| NES 0.6 | 6 | 8 | 0:26 | −35 | 31 | −78:0 | 15 | 8 | 0:39 | −19 | 23 | −58:12 | 12 | 12 | 0:35 | −35 | 52 | −153:0 |
| NES 0.7 | 22 | 10 | 0:58 | −19 | 36 | −82:17 | 30 | 10 | 17:57 | 1 | 28 | −63:18 | 36 | 17 | −4:62 | 15 | 9 | 0:27 |
| NES 0.8 | 8 | 8 | −6:24 | −8 | 29 | −72:14 | 21 | 6 | 4:36 | −11 | 20 | −58:7 | 15 | 10 | −5:28 | −8 | 25 | −69:13 |
| NSS 0.1 | 15 | 5 | 0:26 | −74 | 42 | −148:4 | 19 | 5 | 9:29 | −55 | 29 | −98:76 | 23 | 14 | 4:74 | −46 | 38 | −96:8 |
| NSS 0.2 | 10 | 3 | 0:18 | −80 | 23 | −122:-44 | 15 | 4 | 9:23 | −93 | 34 | −163:−59 | 13 | 8 | 0:25 | −36 | 36 | −86:9 |
| NSS 0.3 | 12 | 7 | 0:29 | −101 | 55 | −233:−57 | 15 | 3 | 8:22 | −93 | 45 | −191:−46 | 18 | 5 | 5:28 | −84 | 23 | −118:−42 |
| NSS 0.4 | 16 | 12 | 0:57 | −55 | 18 | −80:-30 | 15 | 6 | 7:33 | −45 | 11 | −59:−28 | 28 | 10 | 12:62 | −34 | 31 | −81:20 |
| NSS 0.5 | 10 | 8 | 0:33 | −75 | 40 | −146:0 | 29 | 9 | 9:53 | −68 | 41 | −176:−36 | 25 | 11 | 0:52 | −54 | 42 | −124:0 |
*All values have been rounded to nearest whole number.
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