Abstract
Widespread deficiency of soil macro (N) and micro nutrient (Fe) limit crop productivity and nutritional quality of the produce worldwide. Iron is relatively immobile in plants however, its retranslocation can be facilitated by naturally produced chelator in the leaves. Synthesis of these metal-chelators depends on N nutrition of crops. The present study uses 59Fe tracer to measure the contribution of in-plant remobilization (from fully developed 2nd older leaf (OL) to a younger developing 3rd leaf (YL)) of relatively immobile iron towards N and Fe deficiency stress tolerance in Fe efficient bread and Fe inefficient durum wheat. Dual nutrient deficiency of nitrogen and iron induced senescence and hastened the process of chlorophyll degradation and induced a higher 59Fe remobilization from OL to YL. Further, 59Fe retranslocation was also highest under dual nutrient deficiency (N−Fe−). Percent 59Fe retranslocated into the YL of bread and durum wheat, respectively was higher in Fe deficient (N+Fe− and N−Fe−) than Fe sufficient (N+Fe+ and N+Fe−) treatments. Results clearly reveal that Fe deficiency tolerance response under N and Fe deficiency is chiefly determined an efficient Fe uptake and Fe retranslocation, respectively in the bread and the durum wheat.
Acknowledgement
SP is thankful to IARI, New Delhi, India for providing fellowship to pursue Masters.
References
1. Shiferaw, B., Smale, M., Braun, H. J., Duveiller, E., Reynolds, M., Muricho, G.: Crops that feed the world 10. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security. Food Security 5(3), 291 (2013).10.1007/s12571-013-0263-ySearch in Google Scholar
2. White, P. J., Broadley, M. R.: Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets–iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine. New Phytol. 182(1), 49 (2009).10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02738.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Cakmak, I., Pfeiffer, W. H., McClafferty, B.: Review: biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chem. 87(1), 10 (2010).10.1094/CCHEM-87-1-0010Search in Google Scholar
4. WHO: The World Health Report (2012). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Search in Google Scholar
5. Shukla, A. K., Tiwari, P. K., Prakash, C.: Micronutrients deficiencies vis-a-vis food and nutritional security of India. Ind. J. Fert. 10(12), 94 (2014).Search in Google Scholar
6. Bouis, H. E., Hotz, C., McClafferty, B., Meenakshi, J. V., Pfeiffer, W. H.: Biofortification: a new tool to reduce micronutrient malnutrition. Annals Nutr. Metabolism 55, 57 (2009).10.1079/9781780642994.0202Search in Google Scholar
7. Kim, S. A., Guerinot, M. L.: Mining iron: iron uptake and transport in plants. Fedr. Euro. Biochem. Soc. Lett. 581(12), 2273 (2007).10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.043Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Vert, G. A., Briat, J. F., Curie, C.: Dual regulation of the Arabidopsis high-affinity root iron uptake system by local and long-distance signals. Plant Physiol. 132(2), 796 (2003).10.1104/pp.102.016089Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
9. Kobayashi, T., Nishizawa, N. K.: Iron uptake, translocation, and regulation in higher plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 63, 131 (2012).10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105522Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Bashir, K., Inoue, H., Nagasaka, S., Takahashi, M., Nakanishi, H., Mori, S., Nishizawa, N. K.: Cloning and characterization of deoxymugineic acid synthase genes from graminaceous plants. J. Biol. Chem. 281(43), 32395 (2006).10.1074/jbc.M604133200Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Shi, R., Weber, G., Köster, J., Reza-Hajirezaei, M., Zou, C., Zhang, F., von Wirén, N.: Senescence-induced iron mobilization in source leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants. New Phytol. 195(2), 372 (2012).10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04165.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Howarth, J. R., Parmar, S., Jones, J., Shepherd, C. E., Corol, D. I., Galster, A. M., Ward, J. L.: Co-ordinated expression of amino acid metabolism in response to N and S deficiency during wheat grain filling. J. Expt. Bot. 59(13), 3675 (2008).10.1093/jxb/ern218Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
13. Bhupinder, S., Erenoglu, B., Neumann, G., Römheld, V., von Wiren, N.: Role of Phytosiderophores in Zinc Efficiency of Wheat. In: W. Merbach (Ed.), Eco-Physiology of rhizosphere (2002), BG Teuber GmbH, Stuttgart, p. 52.10.1007/978-3-322-91216-9_7Search in Google Scholar
14. Hoffmann, A., Maurer, A., Pillen, K.: Detection of nitrogen deficiency QTL in juvenile wild barley introgression linesgrowing in a hydroponic system. BMC Genetics 13, 88 (2012).10.1186/1471-2156-13-88Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
15. Gruber, B. D., Giehl, R. F. H., Friedel, S., von Wirén, N.: Plasticity of the Arabidopsis root system under nutrient deficiencies. Plant Physiol. 163(1), 161 (2013).10.1104/pp.113.218453Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
16. Marschner, P.: Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (2012), Academic Press, San Diego.Search in Google Scholar
17. Hiscox, J. T., Israelstam, G. F.: A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Canadian J. Bot. 57(12), 1332 (1979).10.1139/b79-163Search in Google Scholar
18. Arnon, D. I.: Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Poly phenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24(1), 1 (1949).10.1104/pp.24.1.1Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Hüve, K., Remus, R., Lüttschwager, D., Merbach, W.: Transport of foliar applied iron (59Fe) in Vicia faba. J. Plant Nutr. 26, 2231 (2003).10.1081/PLN-120024277Search in Google Scholar
20. Panse, V. G., Sukhatme, P. V.: Randomized Design and Square and Factorial Experiment in Statistical Methods of Agricultural Workers (1995). 2nd Ed., ICAR, New Delhi.Search in Google Scholar
21. Gomez, K. A., Gomez, A. A.: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research (1984), John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 680.Search in Google Scholar
22. Abdallah, M., Dubousset, L., Meuriot, F., Etienne, P., Avice, J. C., Ourry, A.: Effect of mineral sulphur availability on nitrogen and sulphur uptake and remobilization during the vegetative growth of Brassica napus L. J. Expt. Bot. 61(10), 2635 (2010).10.1093/jxb/erq096Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Avice, J. C., Etienne, P.: Leaf senescence and nitrogen remobilization efficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Expt. Bot. 65(14), 3813 (2014).10.1093/jxb/eru177Search in Google Scholar PubMed
24. Khobra, R.: Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Iron use Efficiency in Wheat (2015), PhD dissertation, PG School, IARI, New Delhi, India.Search in Google Scholar
25. Aciksoz, S. B., Yazici, A., Ozturk, L., Cakmak, I.: Biofortification of wheat with iron through soil and foliar application of nitrogen and iron fertilizers. Plant Soil 349(1–2), 215 (2011).10.1007/s11104-011-0863-2Search in Google Scholar
26. Singh, S., Ghosal, N., Singh, K. P.: Synchronizing nitrogen availability through application of organic inputs of varying resource quality in a tropical drylandagroecosystem. Appl. Soil Ecol. 36(2–3), 164 (2007).10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.01.007Search in Google Scholar
27. Marschner, H.: Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (1995). 2nd Ed., Academic Press, London, p. 889.Search in Google Scholar
28. Erenoglu, E. B., Kutman, U. B., Ceylan, Y., Yildiz, B., Cakmak, I.: Improved nitrogen nutrition enhances root uptake, root-to-shoot translocation and remobilization of zinc (65Zn) in wheat. New Phytol. 189(2), 438 (2011).10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03488.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
29. Ito, H., Tanaka, A.: Evolution of a new chlorophyll metabolic pathway driven by the dynamic changes in enzyme promiscuous activity. Plant Cell Physiol. 55, 593 (2014).10.1093/pcp/pct203Search in Google Scholar PubMed
30. Skutnik, E., Rabiza-Świder, J., Wachowicz, M., Łukaszewska, A.: Senescence of cut leaves of Zantedeschiaaethiopica and Z. elliottiana. Part I. Chlorophyll degradation. ACTA Scientia. Polon. Hort. 3(2), 57 (2004).Search in Google Scholar
31. Zhang, C., Römheld, V., Marschner, H.: Retranslocation of iron from primary leaves of bean plants grown under iron deficiency. J. Plant Physiol. 146(3), 268 (1995).10.1016/S0176-1617(11)82052-3Search in Google Scholar
32. Mori, S., Nishizawa, N. K., Hayashi, M., Chino, M., Yoshimura, E., Ishihara, J.: Why are young rice plants highly susceptible to iron deficiency? In: Y. Chen, Y. Hadar (Eds.), Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants (1991), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, p. 175.10.1007/978-94-011-3294-7_23Search in Google Scholar
©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston