Abstract
Previously it was shown that wood chip compression or enzyme impregnation prior to refining reduces energy consumption and improves pulp quality. This work characterizes the effect of different magnitudes and rates of compression on the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis. A laboratory compressor and a controlled uniaxial load set-up were used to apply different compression ratios and compression times to mixed-softwood wood chips. The chips were subsequently subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with a high-yield exoglucanase preparation to demonstrate changes in cellulose hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis yield increased with compression ratio but was unaffected by compression time. Increasing compression ratio increased removal of soluble molecules such as sugars and acid-soluble lignin. Microscopy imaging showed increased cell wall buckling and fracturing with increased compression. The morphological changes led to improved enzyme diffusion and resulted in higher available surface area. The improved cellulose hydrolysis is due to changes in wood morphology as well as the removal of extractives.
Funding source: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Award Identifier / Grant number: CRDPJ 437223-12
Funding statement: This research was conducted as part of the Energy Reduction in Mechanical Pulping program, which was funded by a Collaborative Research and Development grant provided by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Grant Number: CRDPJ 437223-12, and the following partners, who we thank for their support: AB Enzymes, Alberta Newsprint Company, Andritz, BC Hydro, Canfor, Catalyst Paper, FPInnovations, Holmen Paper, Meadow Lake Pulp (Paper Excellence), Millar Western, Norpac, West Fraser, Westcan Engineering, and Winstone Pulp International.
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to FPInnovations for assisting with the lab compressor trial. The UBC Department of Materials Engineering assisted with the MTS compression trials. AB Enzymes supplied the enzymes for this work.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Belt, T., Mollerup, F., Hänninen, T., Rautkari, L. (2018) Inhibitory effects of Scots pine heartwood extractives on enzymatic holocellulose hydrolysis by wood decaying fungi. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 132:150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.03.004.10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.03.004Search in Google Scholar
Biermann, C.J. Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking. Academic Press, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012097362-0/50008-X.10.1016/B978-012097362-0/50008-XSearch in Google Scholar
Chandra, R.P., Bura, R., Mabee, W.E., Berlin, A., Pan, X., Saddler, J.N. (2007) Substrate pretreatment: The key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics? In: Biofuels. Ed. Olsson, L. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., vol. 108. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 67–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2007_064.10.1007/10_2007_064Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chandra, R.P., Chu, Q.L., Hu, J., Zhong, N., Lin, M., Lee, J.S., Saddler, J. (2016) The influence of lignin on steam pretreatment and mechanical pulping of poplar to achieve high sugar recovery and ease of enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour. Technol. 199:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.019.10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.019Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Charles, N., Mansfield, S.D., Mirochnik, O., Duff, S.J.B. (2003) Effect of Oxygen Delignification Operating Parameters on Downstream Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Softwood Substrates. Biotechnol. Prog. 19:1606–1611. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp030020f.10.1021/bp030020fSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
de Choudens, C., Lombardo, G., Michalowicz, G., Robert, A. (1985) Destructuration of Wood Chips in a Cylinder Press. Pap. Puu 67:108–116.Search in Google Scholar
Dutta, S.K., Chakraborty, S. (2016) Pore-scale dynamics of enzyme adsorption, swelling and reactive dissolution determine sugar yield in hemicellulose hydrolysis for biofuel production. Sci. Rep. 6:38173. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38173.10.1038/srep38173Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Francis, D.W., Towers, M.T., Browne, T.C. Energy Cost Reduction in the Pulp and Paper Industry – An Energy Benchmarking Perspective. Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Gao, Y., Chen, T., Breuil, C. (1995) Identification and Quantification of Nonvolatile Lipophilic Substances in Fresh Sapwood and Heartwood of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.). Holzforschung 49:20–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1995.49.1.20.10.1515/hfsg.1995.49.1.20Search in Google Scholar
Gorski, D., Hill, J., Engstrand, P., Johansson, L. (2010) Review: Reduction of energy consumption in TMP refining through mechanical pre-treatment of wood chips. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 25:156–161.10.3183/npprj-2010-25-02-p156-161Search in Google Scholar
Grethlein, H.E. (1985) The effect of pore size distribution on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates. Bio/Technology 3:155–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0285-155.10.1038/nbt0285-155Search in Google Scholar
Grönqvist, S., Hakala, T.K., Kamppuri, T., Vehviläinen, M., Hänninen, T., Liitiä, T., Maloney, T., Suurnäkki, A. (2014) Fibre porosity development of dissolving pulp during mechanical and enzymatic processing. Cellulose 21:3667–3676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0352-x.10.1007/s10570-014-0352-xSearch in Google Scholar
Hart, P.W., Waite, D.M., Thibault, L., Tomashek, J., Rousseau, M.E., Hill, C., Sabourin, M.J. (2009) Selective enzyme impregnation of chips to reduce specific refining energy in alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping. Holzforschung 63:418–423. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2009.065.10.1515/HF.2009.065Search in Google Scholar
Holtzapple, M.T., Humphrey, A.E. (1984) The Effect of Organosolv Pretreatment on the Enzymatic-Hydrolysis of Poplar. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26:670–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260706.10.1002/bit.260260706Search in Google Scholar
Hsieh, C.W.C., Cannella, D., Jørgensen, H., Felby, C., Thygesen, L.G. (2014) Cellulase inhibition by high concentrations of monosaccharides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62:3800–3805. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5012962.10.1021/jf5012962Search in Google Scholar
Kumar, L., Arantes, V., Chandra, R., Saddler, J. (2012) The lignin present in steam pretreated softwood binds enzymes and limits cellulose accessibility. Bioresour. Technol. 103:201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.091.10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.091Search in Google Scholar
Kumar, R., Mago, G., Balan, V., Wyman, C.E. (2009) Physical and chemical characterizations of corn stover and poplar solids resulting from leading pretreatment technologies. Bioresour. Technol. 100:3948–3962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.075.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.075Search in Google Scholar
Kumar, R., Wyman, C.E. (2014) Strong cellulase inhibition by Mannan polysaccharides in cellulose conversion to sugars. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 111:1341–1353. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25218.10.1002/bit.25218Search in Google Scholar
Lenting, H.B.M., Warmoeskerken, M.M.C.G. (2001) Mechanism of interaction between cellulase action and applied shear force, an hypothesis. J. Biotechnol. 89:217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00300-5.10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00300-5Search in Google Scholar
Lynd, L.R., Weimer, P.J., van Zyl, W.H., Pretorius, I.S. (2002) Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 66:739. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.4.739.2002.10.1128/MMBR.66.4.739.2002Search in Google Scholar
Mcintosh, N.J. Measurement of the Changes to the Liquid Transport Properties of Wood Due to Compression. The University of British Columbia, 2016.Search in Google Scholar
Nelsson, E., Christer, S., Hilden, L., Daniel, G. (2012) Pressurised compressive chip pre-treatment of Norway spruce with a mill scale Impressafiner. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 27:056–062. https://doi.org/10.3183/NPPRJ-2012-27-01-p056-062.10.3183/npprj-2012-27-01-p056-062Search in Google Scholar
Nelsson, E., Sandberg, C., Svensson-rundlöf, E., Engstrand, P., Fernando, D., Daniel, G., Daniel, G. (2015) Low dosage sulfite pretreatment in a modern TMP-line. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 30:591–598.10.3183/npprj-2015-30-04-p591-598Search in Google Scholar
Peng, F., Granfeldt, T. (1996) Changes in the microstructure of spruce wood chips after screw press treatment. J. Pulp Pap. Sci. 22:J140–J145.Search in Google Scholar
Reme, P.A. Some Effects of Wood Characteristics and the Pulping Process on Mechanical Pulp Fibres. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Rowe, J.W. Natural products of woody plants. Chemicals extraneous to the lignocellulosic wall, vol. II. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1989. 552 pp.10.1007/978-3-642-74075-6Search in Google Scholar
Sabourin, M., Vaughn, J., Wiseman, N., Cort, J.B., Galatti, P. (2002) Mill scale results on TMP pulping of southern pine with pressurized chip pretreatment. Pulp Pap. Can. 103:37–42.Search in Google Scholar
Salmén, L., Ander, P., Fernando, D., Daniel, G., Viforr, S., Mårtensson, T., Hildén, L., Moberg, A., Paulson, M., Nelsson, E., Bäck, R., Sandström, P. (2013) CRUW Mechanical Pulping Sub-project 10: Enzyme treatment of chips for energy reduction in TMP. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16697.98406.Search in Google Scholar
Sangseethong, K., Meunier-Goddik, L., Tantasucharit, U., Liaw, E.-T., Penner, M.H. (1998) Rationale for particle size effect on rates of enzymatic saccharification of microcrystalline cellulose. J. Food Biochem. 22:321–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.1998.tb00247.x.10.1111/j.1745-4514.1998.tb00247.xSearch in Google Scholar
Schell, D.J., Dowe, N., Ibsen, K.N., Riley, C.J., Ruth, M.F., Lumpkin, R.E. (2007) Contaminant occurrence, identification and control in a pilot-scale corn fiber to ethanol conversion process. Bioresour. Technol. 98:2942–2948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.002.10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D. (2008) Determination of Sugars, Byproducts, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples, Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). Natl. Renew. Energy Lab. NREL/TP-510-42623.Search in Google Scholar
Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., Crocker, D. (2012) Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in Biomass, Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). Natl. Renew. Energy Lab. NREL/TP-510-42618.Search in Google Scholar
Sluiter, A., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D. (2005) Determination of extractives in biomass, Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). Natl. Renew. Energy Lab. NREL/TP-510-42619.Search in Google Scholar
Tanase, M., Stenius, P., Johansson, L., Hill, J., Sandberg, C. (2010) Mass balance of lipophilic extractives around impressafiner in mill and pilot scale. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 25:162–169.10.3183/npprj-2010-25-02-p162-169Search in Google Scholar
Thornton, D.S., Nunn, B.E. (1978) The efect of plug screw feeder on ether-solubles removal and power reduction during TMP manufacture. In: TAPPI Engineering Conf. San Francisco, USA. pp. 120–-154.Search in Google Scholar
Wiman, M., Dienes, D., Hansen, M.A.T., Van Der Meulen, T., Zacchi, G., Lidén, G. (2012) Cellulose accessibility determines the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-pretreated spruce. Bioresour. Technol. 126:208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.082.10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.082Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston