Abstract
The objective of this study was to understand the influence of bleaching on % residual lignin, water retention value, brightness and morphological properties of Subabul heartwood and sapwood pulps. The second aim was to compare the properties of unbleached and bleached handsheets with respect to tensile index and fractography. Screened wood chips of Subabul were subjected to kraft cooking (165 °C, 3 hours) followed by ECF bleaching and refining. When unbleached handsheets were compared, higher tensile index was found for sapwood sheets (29.8 N.m/g) than heartwood sheets (12.8 N.m/g). Therefore, it is recommended to use unbleached sapwood sheets for packaging grade applications. The bleached pulps have exhibited negligible residual lignin (0.1 %), higher water retention value (∼21) and higher brightness (88 %) compared to unbleached pulps. Subsequently, the bleached heartwood sheets revealed higher tensile index (∼7 fold) and higher modulus of elasticity (∼2.7 fold) compared to unbleached heartwood sheets. For printing grade applications bleached sapwood and bleached heartwood pulps are equally recommended, because no differences were observed in their pulp and sheet characteristics.
Funding statement: Authors state no funding involved.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Yamuna Nagar, India for extending their support in performing bleaching process and sincere thanks to technicians in Central Analytical Laboratory, Mr. Raju, Mr. Appala Reddy and Mr. Kumar for assisting in handling of various equipment’s.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest related to this article.
References
Adusumalli, R.B., Mook, W., Passas, R., Schwaller, P., Michler, J. (2010a) Nanoindentation of single pulp fibre cell walls. J. Mater. Sci. 45:2558–2563.10.1007/s10853-010-4226-9Search in Google Scholar
Adusumalli, R.B., Raghavan, R., Schwaller, P., Zimmermann, T., Michler, J. (2010b) In-situ SEM micro-indentation of single wood pulp fibres in transverse direction. J. Electron Microsc. 59:345–349.10.1093/jmicro/dfq025Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Antonsson, S., Mäkelä, P., Fellers, C., Lindström, M.E. (2009) Comparison of the physical properties of hardwood and softwood pulps. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 4:409–414.10.3183/npprj-2009-24-04-p409-414Search in Google Scholar
Atac, Y., Eroǧlu, H. (2013) The effects of heartwood and sapwood on kraft pulp properties of Pinusnigra J.F.Arnold and Abiesbornmuelleriana Mattf. Turk. J. Agric. For. 37:243–248.10.3906/tar-1205-20Search in Google Scholar
Bal, B.C., Bektas, I. (2013) The mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood of flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis) grown in Karabucak, Turkey. J. For. Res. 9:71–76.Search in Google Scholar
Bamber, R.K. (1976) Sapwood and Heartwood. Wood Sci. Technol. 10:1–8.10.1007/BF00376379Search in Google Scholar
Banavath, H.N., Bhardwaj, N.K., Ray, A.K. (2011) A comparative study of the effect of refining on charge of various pulps. Bioresour. Technol. 102:4544–4551.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.109Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Britt, K.W. Handbook of pulp and paper technology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, USA, 1970.Search in Google Scholar
Bäckström, M., Melander, E., Brännvall, E. (2013) Study of the influence of charges on refinability of bleached softwood kraft pulp. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 28:588–595.10.3183/npprj-2013-28-04-p588-595Search in Google Scholar
Caulfield, D.F. (1988) Dimensional Stability of Paper: Papermaking Methods and Stabilization of Cell Walls. In: Wood science seminar 1: Stabilization of the wood cell wall. Ed. Suchsland, O. pp. 87–98.Search in Google Scholar
Cave, I.D. (1997) Theory of X-ray measurement of microfibril angle in wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 31:225–234.10.1007/BF00702610Search in Google Scholar
Fengel, D., Wegener, G. Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. De Gruyter, Berlin, 1984.10.1515/9783110839654Search in Google Scholar
Jafari, V., Sixta, H., van Heiningen, A. (2014) Kinetics of oxygen delignification of high-kappa pulp in a continuous flow-through reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53:8385–8394.10.1021/ie403336xSearch in Google Scholar
Jani, S.M., Rushdan, I. (2014) Effect of bleaching on coir fiber pulp and paper properties. J. Trop. Agric. Food Sci. 42:51–61.Search in Google Scholar
Karlsson, H. Fiber Guide: Fiber analysis and process applications in the pulp and paper industry. AB Lorentzen & Wettre, Sweden, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Levlin, J. Pulp and Paper Testing (Book: 17). Fapet Oy, Helsinki, 1999.Search in Google Scholar
Lourenco, A., Baptista, I., Gominho, J., Pereira, H. (2008) The influence of heartwood on the pulping properties of Acacia melanoxylon wood. J. Wood Sci. 54:464–469.10.1007/s10086-008-0972-6Search in Google Scholar
Lourenco, A., Gominho, J., Pereira, H. (2010) Pulping and delignification of sapwood and heartwood from Eucalyptus globulus. J. Pulp Pap. Sci. 36:63–69.Search in Google Scholar
Madhuri, P., Nikhil Sainath, V., Jayanty, S., Adusumalli, R.B. (2016) Pulp and black liquor characterization of Subabul wood after kraft cooking. IPPTA 28:130–142.Search in Google Scholar
Martino, D.C., Colodette, J.L., Silva, T.C.F., Júnior, D.L., de Paula, D.M.L., Azevedo, M.A.B. (2013) Factors affecting bleachability of Eucalypt pulp. BioResources 8:1186–1198.10.15376/biores.8.1.1186-1198Search in Google Scholar
Merela, M., Čufar, K. (2013) Mechanical properties of sapwood versus heartwood in three different oak species. Drv. Ind. 64:323–334.10.5552/drind.2013.1325Search in Google Scholar
Miranda, I., Gominho, J., Lourenço, A., Pereira, H. (2007) Heartwood, extractives and pulp yield of three Eucalyptus globulus clones grown in two sites. Appita J. 60:485–500.Search in Google Scholar
Neto, C.P., Evtuguin, D.V., Furtado, F.P. (2002) Effect of pulping conditions on the ECF bleachability of Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulps. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41:6200–6206.10.1021/ie020263xSearch in Google Scholar
Page, D.H., De Grace, J.H. (1967) The delamination of fiber Walls by beating and refining. Tappi J. 50:489–495.Search in Google Scholar
Puntambekar, R., Pydimalla, M., Dinda, S., Adusumalli, R.B. (2016) Characterization of Eucalyptus heartwood and sapwood pulp after kraft cooking. J. Ind. Acad. Wood Sci. 13:8–15.10.1007/s13196-016-0159-5Search in Google Scholar
Pydimalla, M., Muthyala, B.R., Adusumalli, R.B. (2019) Influence of temperature on kraft pulping of whole and depithed bagasse. Sugar Tech 21:1003–1015.10.1007/s12355-019-00719-8Search in Google Scholar
Rahman, H., Engstrand, P., Sandström, P., Sjöstrand, B. (2018) Dewatering properties of low grammage handsheets of softwood kraft pulps modified to minimize the need for refining. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 33:397–403.10.1515/npprj-2018-3037Search in Google Scholar
Reeve, D.W. (1996) Introduction to the principles and practice of pulp bleaching. In: Pulp bleaching: principles and practice. 1st edn., Eds. Dence, C.W., Reeve, D.W. Atlanta. pp. 3–23.Search in Google Scholar
Retulainen, E., Niskanen, K., Nilsen, N. (1998) Fibers and bonds. In: Paper physics, papermaking science and technology. 2nd edn., Ed. Niskanen, K. Fapet Oy, Jyväskylä. pp. 55–87.Search in Google Scholar
Roncero, M.B., Torres, A.L., Colom, J.F., Vidal, T. (2003) TCF bleaching of wheat straw pulp using ozone and xylanase. Part A: Paper quality assessment. Bioresour. Technol. 87:305–314.10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00224-9Search in Google Scholar
Seco, I.M.C.L., Neto, C.P., Silvestre, A.J.D. (2008) Strategies to reduce the brightness reversion of industrial ECF bleached Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 83:218–226.10.1002/jctb.1791Search in Google Scholar
Shin, N.H., Stromberg, B. (2007) Xylan’s impact on eucalyptus pulp yield and strength – Myth or reality. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. Belo Horizonte, Brazil.Search in Google Scholar
Singh, R.P. (1979) Principles of pulp bleaching. In: The Bleaching of Pulp, 3rd edn., Ed. Singh, R.P. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA. pp. 15–28.Search in Google Scholar
Smook, G.A. Handbook for pulp and paper technologists. Angus Wilde Publications Inc. Vancouver, 1992.Search in Google Scholar
Sun, Q., Foston, M., Meng, X., Sawada, D., Pingali, S.V., O’Neill, H.M., Li, H., Wyman, C.E., Langan, P., Ragauskas, A.J., Kumar, R. (2014) Effect of lignin content on changes occurring in poplar cellulose ultrastructure during dilute acid pretreatment. Biotechnol. Biofuels 7:1–14.10.1186/s13068-014-0150-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Van den Akker, J.A. (1970) Structure and Tensile Characteristics of Paper. Tappi J. 53:388–400.Search in Google Scholar
Wimmer, R., Downes, G.M., Evans, R., French, J. (2008) Effects of site on fiber, kraft pulp and handsheet properties of Eucalyptus globulus. Ann. For. Sci. 65:1–7.10.1051/forest:2008039Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
