Abstract
Background
The present investigation focuses the diabetes-induced testicular hypofunction and its possible correction by the effective dose of ethyl-acetate fraction of methanolic extract of Camellia sinensis leaves through dose-dependent study in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.
Methods
The androgenic, spermiological, oxidative stress and apoptosis sensors along with testicular genomic sensors were evaluated in a dose-dependent fashion (50 mg or 100 mg or 200 mg/kg body weight). Activities of hepatic transaminases for toxicity assessment were also measured.
Results
Increased level of fasting blood glucose, testicular cholesterol, seminal vesicular fructose along with a low count, motility and viability of epididymal sperm, low activities of testicular Δ5, 3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD, testicular antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and low plasma level of testosterone were noted in diabetic rat in respect to the control. After oral administration of said fraction to diabetic rat, levels of above sensors were resettled toward the control. A significant decrease in the number of different generations of germ cells at the stage VII of spermatogenesis in diabetic rat was noted which were recovered significantly toward the control in the fraction-treated diabetic group. It was supported by the correction in gene expression of testicular Δ5, 3β- HSD, 17β- HSD, Bcl-2 and Bax in the fraction-treated diabetic group.
Conclusions
The threshold dose of ethyl-acetate fraction of methanolic extract of C. sinensis leaves is 100 mg/kg body weight for the recovery of testicular hypofunction in a diabetic rat model.
Funding statement: Financial support from ‘National Tea Research Foundation (NTRF), Govt. of India’ [Scheme Code: 172/2014] to conduct this work is gratefully acknowledged.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: Financial support from ‘National Tea Research Foundation (NTRF), Govt. of India‘ [Scheme Code: 172/2014] to conduct this work.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
References
[1] Ballester J, Munoz MC, Dominguez J, Rigau T, Guinovart JJ, Rodriguez-Gil JE. Insulin dependent diabetes affect testicular function by FSH and LH linked mechanism. J Androl. 2004;25:706–19.10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02845.xSearch in Google Scholar
[2] Soudamani S, Yuvaraj S, Malini T, Balasubramanian K. Experimental diabetes has adverse effects on the differentiation of ventral prostate during sexual maturation of rats. Anat Rec Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2005;287:1281–9.10.1002/ar.a.20250Search in Google Scholar
[3] Seethalakshmi L, Menon M, Diamond D. The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the neuroendocrine-male reproductive tract axis of the adult rat. J Urol. 1987;138:190–4.10.1016/S0022-5347(17)43042-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[4] Scarano WR, Messias AG, Oliva SU, Klinefelter GR, Kempinas WG. Sexual behavior, sperm quantity and quality after short-term streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in rats. Int J Androl. 2006;29:482–8.10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00682.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[5] Ali KM, Chatterjee K, De D, Bera TK, Ghosh D. Efficacy of aqueous extract of seed of Holarrhena antidysenterica for the management of diabetes in experimental model rat: a correlative study with antihyperlipidemic activity. Int J App Res Nat Prod. 2009;2:13–21.Search in Google Scholar
[6] Pari L, Umamaheswari J. Antihyperglycemic activity of Musa sapientum flowers: effect on lipid peroxidation in alloxan diabetic rats. Phytother Res. 2000;14:136–8.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<136::AID-PTR607>3.0.CO;2-KSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[7] Parmar N, Rawat M, Kumar JV. Camellia sinensis green tea: a review. Global J Pharmacol. 2012;6:52–9.Search in Google Scholar
[8] Modak M, Dixit P, Londhe J, Ghaskatbi S, Devasagayam TP. Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007;40:163–73.10.3164/jcbn.40.163Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[9] Iso H, Date C, Wakai K, Fukui M, Tamakoshi A. The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:554–62.10.7326/0003-4819-144-8-200604180-00005Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[10] Polychronopoulos E, Zeimbekis A, Kastorini CM, Papairakleous N, Vlachou I, Bountziouka V, et al. Effects of black and green tea consumption on blood glucose levels in non-obese elderly men and women from Mediterranean islands MEDIS epidemiological study. Eur J Nutr. 2008;47:10–16.10.1007/s00394-007-0690-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[11] Beers RF, Sizer IW. Spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Biol Chem. 1952;195:133–40.10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50881-XSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of superoxide anion in autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay of superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem. 1974;47:469–74.10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.xSearch in Google Scholar
[13] Alvarez JG, Story BT. Assessment of cell damage caused by spontaneous lipid peroxidation in rabbit spermatozoa. Biol Reprod. 1984;30:323–31.10.1095/biolreprod30.2.323Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[14] World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction, 4th ed New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999:68–78.Search in Google Scholar
[15] Lu JC, Chen F, Xu HR, Huang YF, Lu NQ. Standardization and quality control for determination of fructose in seminal plasma. J Androl. 2007;28:207–13.10.2164/jandrol.106.001552Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[16] Plummer DT. An introduction to practical biochemistry, 3rd ed New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, 1995:189.Search in Google Scholar
[17] Srivastava TG. Orientation training course on research methodology in reproductive biomedicine 2001. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for steroid hormone Report, NIHFW, Govt. of India.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Talalay P. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. In: Colowick SP, Kapalan NO, editors., editor(s). Methods in Enzymol. New York: Academic Press, 1962:512–6.10.1016/S0076-6879(62)05269-6Search in Google Scholar
[19] Jarabak J, Adams JA, Williams-Ashman HG, Talalay P. Purification of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of human placenta and studies on its transdehydrogenase function. J Biol Chem. 1962;237:345–57.10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93926-8Search in Google Scholar
[20] Ghosh A, Jana K, Pakhira BP, Ghosh D. Antiapoptotic efficacy of seed of Eugenia jambolana on testicular germ cell in experimental diabetic rat: a genomic study. Androl. 2015;48:282–92.10.1111/and.12444Search in Google Scholar
[21] Henry RJ, Chiamori M, Golub OJ, Berkman S. Revised spectrophotometric methods for the determination of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and lactic acid dehydrogenase. Am J Clin Pathol. 1960;34:381–98.10.1093/ajcp/34.4_ts.381Search in Google Scholar
[22] Ghosh PK, Biswas NM, Ghosh D. Effect of lithium chloride on spermatogenesis and testicular steroidogenesis in mature albino rats: duration dependent response. Life Sci. 1991;48:649–57.10.1016/0024-3205(91)90540-RSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[23] Trease GE, Evans WC. Phenols and phenolic glycosides. In: Trease GE, Evans WC, editors., editor(s). Pharcognosy. London: ELBS, 1989:223–4.Search in Google Scholar
[24] Sokal RR, Rohle FJ. Introduction to analysis of variance. In: Sokal RR, Rohle FJ, editors., editor(s). Biometry. New York: WH Freeman and Company, 1997:179–206.Search in Google Scholar
[25] Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Esposito K. Diabetes and sexual dysfunction: current perspectives. Diabet Metab Syndr Obes. 2014;7:95–105.10.2147/DMSO.S36455Search in Google Scholar
[26] Ugochukwu NH, Babady NE. Antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves on glucose and glycogen metabolism in livers of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2003;73:1925–38.10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00543-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[27] Ghosh A, Jana K, Ali KM, De D, Chatterjee K, Ghosh D. Corrective role of Eugenia jambolana on testicular impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat: an approach through genomic and proteomic study. Androl. 2014;46:296–307.10.1111/and.12081Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[28] Pakhira BP, Jana K, Ghosh A, Ghosh D. Antitesticular activity of hydro-methanol extract of Cuminum cyminum in adult rat: a dose dependent study. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;7:285–91.Search in Google Scholar
[29] Chaki SP, Ghosh D, Misro MM. Simultaneous increase in germ cell apoptosis and oxidative stress under acute unilateral testicular ischaemia in rat. Int J Androl. 2003;26:319–28.10.1111/j.1365-2605.2003.00431.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[30] Maheshwari A, Misro MM, Aggarwal A, Sharma RK, Nandan D. Pathways involved in testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by H2O2 in vitro. FEBS J. 2009;276:870–81.10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06831.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
