Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter April 19, 2023

Anxiolytic effects of vestibular stimulation: an update

  • Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy ORCID logo EMAIL logo and Jason McKeown

Abstract

The vestibular system inhibits both HPA and SAM axis and contributes to the management of anxiety. Both direct and indirect pathways exist in the inhibition of the HPA and SAM axis. In this review article, the authors describe various pathways through which the vestibular system can regulate the HPA and SAM axis activity. Lastly, the authors highlight the need of starting translational research work in this field. Rocking is soothing and this is a universal fact that babies in the swing will calm down and sleep. These soothing effects of vestibular stimulation may be due to the inhibition of cortical and subcortical structures. Vestibular stimulation may be able to manage anxiety through its connections with multiple brain areas. There is a need to undertake translational research in this area to establish strong scientific evidence and recommend implementation of the vestibular stimulation in the management of anxiety.


Corresponding author: Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy, Department of Physiology, Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Muddenahalli, Karnataka, India, Phone: 9061076459, E-mail:

  1. Research funding: NA.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Informed consent: NA.

  5. Ethical approval: NA.

References

1. Dean, E. Anxiety. Nurs Stand 2016;30:15. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.46.15.s17.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2021;398:1700–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

3. Ballenger, JC, Davidson, JR, Lecrubier, Y, Nutt, DJ, Borkovec, TD, Rickels, K, et al.. Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder from the international consensus group on depression and anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:53–8.Search in Google Scholar

4. Reynolds, DV. In: Reynolds, DV, Sjoberb, BA, editors. Neuroelectric research: electroneuroprosthesis. Electroanesthesia, and non-convulsive electrotherapy. Springfield: C. C. Thomas Co.; 1971.Search in Google Scholar

5. Tyler, P. EMR and the brain: a brief literature review. In: O’Connor, ME, Bentall, RCH, Monahan, JC, editors. Emerging electromagnetic medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1990.10.1007/978-1-4612-3386-2_10Search in Google Scholar

6. Loeser, SD, Black, RG, Christmas, A. Relief of pain by transcutaneous stimulation. J Neurosurg 1975;42:308–14. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1975.42.3.0308.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Lewis, RA. In: Williams, Rc, Webb, IBW, editors. Sleep therapy: a bibliography and commentary. Springfield: C. C. Thomas Co.; 1966.Search in Google Scholar

8. Jacob, RG, Furman, JM. Psychiatric consequences of vestibular dysfunction. Curr Opin Neurol 2001;14:41–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200102000-00007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Schmitt, R, Capo, T, Boyd, E. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation as a treatment for anxiety in chemically dependent persons. Alcohol Curr Exp Res 1986;10:158–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05064.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Tafet, GE, Nemeroff, CB. Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: the role of the HPA axis. Front Psychiatr 2020;11:443. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00443.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

11. Bitsika, V, Sharpley, CF, Sweeney, JA, McFarlane, JR. HPA and SAM axis responses as correlates of self- vs parental ratings of anxiety in boys with an Autistic disorder. Physiol Behav 2014;127:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.12.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Saman, Y, Bamiou, DE, Mand Dutia, GMB. Interactions between stress and vestibular compensation – a review. Front Neurol 2012;3:116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00116.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Azzena, GB, Melis, F, Caria, MA, Teatini, GP, Bozzo, G. Vestibular projections to hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Arch Ital Biol 1993;131:127–36.Search in Google Scholar

14. Liu, F, Inokuchi, A, Komiyama, S. Neuronal responses to vestibular stimulation in the Guinea pig hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1997;254:95–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01526188.Search in Google Scholar

15. Horii, A, Koike, K, Uno, A, Uno, Y, Kubo, T. Vestibular modulation of plasma vasopressin levels in rats. Brain Res 2001;914:179–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02799-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Markia, B, Kovacs, ZI, Palkovits, M. Projections from the vestibular nuclei to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: morphological evidence for the existence of a vestibular stress pathway in the rat brain. Brain Struct Funct 2008;213:239–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-008-0172-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Horowitz, SS, Blanchard, J, Morin, LP. Medial vestibular connections with the hypocretin (orexin) system. J Comp Neurol 2005;487:127–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20521.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Kelling, AS. An examination of salivary cortisol concentrations and behavior in three captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) at Zoo Atlanta. A dissertation. Georgia: Georgia Institute of Technology; 2008.Search in Google Scholar

19. White-Traut, RC, Schwertz, D, McFarlin, B, Kogan, J. Salivary cortisol and behavioral state responses of healthy newborn infants to tactile-only and multisensory interventions. Res Nurs Health 1988;11:31–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770110106.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Yoo, KH. The effects of auditory and vestibular stimulation on stress hormones in preterm infants. J Korean Acad Fundam Nurs 2004;11:203–12.Search in Google Scholar

21. White-Traut, RC, Nelson, MN. Maternally administered tactile, auditory, visual, and vestibular stimulation: relationship to later interactions between mothers and premature infants. Front Psychol 2012;3:499.Search in Google Scholar

22. Winter, L, Kruger, THC, Laurens, J, Engler, H, Schedlowsk, M, Straumann, D, et al.. Vestibular stimulation on a motionsimulator impacts on mood states. Front Psychol 2012;3:499. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00499.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Pederson, DR. The soothing effects of vestibular stimulation as determined by frequency and direction of rocking. London: ERIC – Educational Resources Information Centre, University of Western Ontario, Dept. of Psychology; 1973: ED084017 p.Search in Google Scholar

24. Johny, M, Kumar, SS, Rajagopalan, A, Mukkadan, JK. Vestibular stimulation for management of premenstrual syndrome. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2017;8:82–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.198365.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

25. White-Traut, RC, Schwertz, D, McFarlin, B, Joseph, K. Salivary cortisol and behavioral state responses of healthy newborn infants to tactile-only and multisensory interventions. JOGNN 2009;38:22–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00307.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Pasquier, F, Denise, P, Gauthier, A, Bessot, N, Quarck, G. Impact of galvanic vestibular stimulation on anxiety level in young adults. Front Syst Neurosci 2019;13:14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2019.00014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

27. Winter, L, Wollmer, MA, Laurens, J, Straumann, D, Kruger, THC. Cox’s chair revisited: can spinning alter mood states? Front Psychiatr 2013;4:132. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00132.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

28. Samoudi, G, Nissbrandt, H, Dutia, MB, Bergquist, F. Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation promotes GABA release in substansianigra and improves locomotion in hemiparkinsonian rats. PLoS One 2012;7:e29308. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029308.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

29. Mody, I, Maguire, J. The reciprocal regulation of stress hormones and GABAA receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2011;6:4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2012.00004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

30. Cullinan, WE, Ziegler, DR, Herman, JP. Functional role of local GABAergic influences on HPA axis. Brain Struct Funct 2008;213:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-008-0192-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Herman, JP, Mueller, NK, Figueiredo, H. Role of GABA and glutamate circuitry in hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical stress integration stress: current neuroendocrine and genetic approaches. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1018:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1296.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Cuthbert, PC, Gilchrist, DP, Hicks, SL, McDougall, HG, Curthoys, IS. Electro physiological evidence for vestibular activation of the Guinea pig hippocampus. Neuro Report 2000;11:1443–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200005150-00018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Yoshida, S, Haramoto, M, Fukuda, T, Mizuno, H, Tanaka, A, Nishimura, M, et al.. Optimization of a γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) enrichment process for hokkaido white rice and the effects of GABA-enriched white rice on stress relief in humans. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 2015;62:95–103. https://doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.62.95.Search in Google Scholar

34. Yamatsu, A, Yamashita, Y, Horie, K, Takeshima, K, Horie, N, Masuda, K, et al.. Beneficial action of GABA on sleep and frequent night urination in the elderly. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 2013;41:985–8.Search in Google Scholar

35. Yoto, A, Murao, S, Motoki, M, Yokoyama, Y, Horie, N, Takeshima, K, et al.. Oral intake of γ-aminobutyric acid affects mood and activities of central nervous system during stressed condition induced by mental tasks. Amino Acids 2012;43:1331–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1206-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Kanehira, T, Nakamura, Y, Nakamura, K, Horie, K, Horie, N, Furugori, K, et al.. Relieving occupational fatigue by consumption of a beverage containing gamma-amino butyric acid. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2011;57:9–15. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.57.9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Vitte, E, Derosier, C, Caritu, Y, Berthoz, A, Hasboun, D, Soulié, D. Activation of the hippocampal formation by vestibular stimulation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Exp Brain Res 1996;112:523–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00227958.Search in Google Scholar

38. Jacobson, L, Sapolsky, R. The role of hippocampus in feedback regulation of hypothalamic-pitutary-adreno cortical axis. Endocr Rev 1991;12:118–34. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-12-2-118.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Wilson, MM, Greer, SE, Greer, MA, Roberts, L. Hippocampal inhibition of pituitary-adrenocortical function in female rats. Brain Res 1980;197:433–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(80)91128-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Moberg, GP, Scapagnini, U, Degroot, J, Ganong, WF. Effect of sectioning the fornix on diurnal fluctuation in plasma corticosterone levels in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1971;7:11–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000121950.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Feldman, S, Conforti, N. Participation of the dorsal hippocampus in the glucocorticoid feedback effect on adrenocorical activity. Neuroendocrinology 1980;30:52–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000122974.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Smulders, TV. The avian hippocampal formation and the stress response. Brain Behav Evol 2017;90:81–91. https://doi.org/10.1159/000477654.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Tang, PC, Gernandt, BE. Autonomic responses to vestibular stimulation. Naval Aaerospace Medical Institute; 1969. Serial No. 6–8.Search in Google Scholar

44. Sandra Jan Edwards, MA, Yuen, K. Heart rate response to vestibularstimulation in two children with Down’s syndrome: a pilot study. Aust Occup Ther J 1996;44:167–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.1996.tb01852.x.Search in Google Scholar

45. Biaggioni, I, Costa, F, Kaufmann, H. Vestibular influences on autonomic cardiovascular control in humans. J Vestib Res 1998;8:35–41. https://doi.org/10.3233/ves-1998-8105.Search in Google Scholar

46. Nishiike, S, Takeda, N, Uno, A, Kubo, T, Yamatodani, A, Nakamura, S. Cholinergic influence on vestibular stimulation-induced locus coeruleus inhibition in rats. Acta Otolaryngol 2000;120:404–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/000164800750000649.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Ruggiero, DA, Mtui, EP, Otake, K, Anwar, M. Vestibular afferentsto the dorsal vagal complex; substrate for vestibular-autonomic interactions in rat. Brain Res 1997;743:294–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01099-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Balaban, CD, Beryozkin, G. Vestibular nucleus projections to nucleus tractus solitaries and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve: potential substrates for vestibuloautonomic interactions. Exp Brain Res 1994;98:200–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00228409.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Porter, JD, Balaban, CD. Connections between the vestibular nuclei and brainstem regions that mediate autonomic function in the rat. J Vestib Res Equilib Orient 1997;7:63–76. https://doi.org/10.3233/ves-1997-7106.Search in Google Scholar

50. Barrett, KE, Barman, SM, Boitano, S, Brooks, HL. Ganong’s review of medical physiology, 24th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Private Limited; 2012:442–3 pp.Search in Google Scholar

51. Noble, LJ, Meruva, VB, Hays, SA, Rennaker, RL, Kilgard, MP, McIntyre, CK. Vagus nerve stimulation promotes generalization of conditioned fear extinction and reduces anxiety in rats. Brain Stimul 2019;12:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.09.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

52. Shah, AP, Carreno, FR, Wu, H, Chung, YA, Frazer, A. Role of TrkB in the anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects of vagal nerve stimulation: comparison with desipramine. Neuroscience 2016;322:273–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. Labiner, DM, Ahern, GL. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in depression and epilepsy: therapeutic parameter settings. Acta Neurol Scand 2007;115:23–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00732.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Horowitz, SS, Blanchard, JH, Morin, LP. Intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus afferent connections; an anatomical substrate for functional input from the vestibulo-visuomotor system. J Comp Neurol 2004;474:227–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20125.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Jacob, N, Vuillez, P, Lakdhar-Ghazai, N, Pevet, P. Does the intergeniculate leaflet play a role in the integration of the photo period by the suprachiasmatic nucleus? Brain Res 1999;828:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01324-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Glass, JD, Di Nardo, LA, Ehlen, JC. Dorsal raphe nuclear stimulation of SCN serotonin release and circadian phase resetting. Brain Res 2000;859:224–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(00)01963-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Snowball, RK, Dampney, RA, Lumb, BM. Responses of neurons in the medullary raphe nuclei to inputs from visceral nociceptors and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in the rat. Exp Physiol 1997;82:485–500. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Sugiyama, Y, Suzuki, T, DeStefino, VJ, Yates, BJ. Integrative responses of neurons in nucleus tractus solitaries to visceral afferent stimulation and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011;301:1380–90. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00361.2011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

59. Cheng, C-H, Yi, P-L, Chang, H-H, Tsai, Y-F, Chang, F-C. Kappa-opioid receptors in the caudal nucleus tractus solitaries mediate 100Hz electro acupuncture induced sleep activities in rats. Evid base Compl Alternative Med 2012;2012:715024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/715024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Ivanov, V, editor. Sixth international symposium on electrodmulation. Albena, Bulgaria: Higher Medical Institute, Varna. 19 p.Search in Google Scholar

61. Smith, RB, ONiell, L. Electrosleep in the management of alcoholism. Biol Psychiatr 1975;10:675–80.Search in Google Scholar

62. Patterson, MA, Firth, J, Gardner, R. Treatment of drug alcohol, and nicotine addiction by neuroelectric therapy: analysis of results over seven years. J Bioelectr 1984;2:193–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378409035967.Search in Google Scholar

63. Kumar Goothy, SS, Goothy, S, Mckeown, J. Electrical vestibular nerve stimulation for the management of tension headache. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2020;13:1–3.10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i1.35975Search in Google Scholar

64. Kumar Goothy, SS, Garg, N, Kumari, N, Choudhary, A, Gawarikar, S, Singh Chouhan, R, et al.. Electrical vestibular nerve stimulation in the management of pain in the patients with temporomandibular disorders: a pilot study. Asian J Med Sci 2022;13:140–4. https://doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i4.42301.Search in Google Scholar

65. Goothy, SSK, McKeown, J. Modulation of sleep using electrical vestibular nerve stimulation prior to sleep onset: a pilot study. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020;32:19–23. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0019.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Goothy, SSK, McKeown, J, Mcgeoch, PD, Srilatha, B, Vijayaraghavan, R, Manyam, R, et al.. Electrical vestibular nerve stimulation as an adjunctive therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020;32:1075–82. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0210.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

67. McGeoch, PD. Can vestibular stimulation be used to treat obesity?: vestibular stimulation targeting the otoliths could rebalance energy homeostasis to trigger a leaner body habitus and thus treat metabolic syndrome. Bioessays 2019;41:e1800197. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201800197.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

68. Frankel, BL. Research on cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep): some suggestions. Am J Psychiatry. 1974;131:95–8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.131.1.95.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2023-02-01
Accepted: 2023-03-11
Published Online: 2023-04-19

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 21.5.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jbcpp-2023-0022/html
Scroll to top button