Abstract
This article reassesses the socio-political significance of coinage production by Latin colonies in the third century BC. It challenges the traditional assumption that these coinages confirm the colonies’ political status as autonomous city-states, and thus contributes to recent research on the character of early Roman colonization. It is argued that early Samnite experiments with coinage in the fifth and fourth centuries are important comparanda for the colonial coinages: both the early colonial coinages and the Samnite issues are produced in interaction with but on the fringes of a Greek world in which coinage production and use was well established. The comparison shows that the context of production of the colonial coinages of Cales, Suessa Aurunca, Aesernia and Beneventum is similar to previous and contemporary issues produced by Samnite groups active in Samnium and Campania. In both cases, production is most probably connected to mercenary or military activities. In this context, it is improbable that a strong conceptual connection between political autonomy and coinage production existed in Italy when the Latin colonies produced their coinages. Rather than seeing coinage as proof of their independent city-state status, it is suggested that coinage production helped to develop the colonies’ socio-political self-definition.
Acknowledgment
This article was written in the context of the Landscapes of Early Roman Colonization project (LERC) at Leiden University (funded by NWO, Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, project number 360-61-040). I should like to thank Tesse Stek and Jeremia Pelgrom for their helpful comments on previous drafts. Michael Crawford allowed me to use information from his private archive (see appendix), for which I am most grateful. The Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome (KNIR), co-sponsor of the LERC project, generously offered financial support to obtain copyrighted images.
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Silver didrachm of the Hurietes (HNItaly 539). Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, collection Fiorelli 933. Printed with permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo—Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli.
Silver obol of the Peripoloi Pitanatai (HNItaly 445). British Museum 1946,0101.44. © The Trustees of the British Museum.
Silver obol of the Saunitai (HNItaly 446). British Museum 1946,0101.43. © The Trustees of the British Museum.
Bronze Apollo / man-faced bull coin of Suessa Aurunca (HNItaly 450). Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Collection Fiorelli 1305. Printed with permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo – Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli.
Bronze Minerva / cock coin of Cales (HNItaly 435). Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Collection Fiorelli 801. Printed with permission of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo – Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli.
Map with known provenances of the bronze coinages of Cales, Suessa Aurunca and Aesernia. The find spots are listed in the Appendix, with references. Map by author.
Table 1: Overview of the earliest Samnite coinages. Source: HNItaly, with legends adapted based on ImIt.
Table 2: Overview of Samnite coinages produced in the late fourth and early third century BC. Source: HNItaly, with legends adapted based on ImIt.
Table 3: Overview of Roman colonial coinages produced in Samnium and Campania. Source: HNItaly.
© 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
