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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published online by De Gruyter Mouton October 9, 2023

A frequency, coverage, and dispersion analysis of the academic collocation list in university student writing

  • Ping-Yu Huang EMAIL logo
From the journal International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching
https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2023-0129

Abstract

This study investigates whether cross-disciplinary academic collocation lists are of equal importance to EAP (English for academic purposes) learners across different disciplines. We target Ackermann and Chen’s (Ackermann, Kirsten & Yu-Hua Chen. 2013. Developing the Academic Collocation List (ACL)–A corpus-driven and expert-judged approach. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 12(4). 235–247) Academic Collocation List (ACL) and conduct a frequency, coverage, and dispersion analysis of its 2,464 pairs in the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus. Using BAWE data, we also examine whether university students increase use of academic collocations across years. Generally, our results indicate that cover-all academic collocation lists, like academic word lists, show uneven frequency distributions across disciplines; the ACL covers considerably more word combinations in soft than hard sciences. According to our dispersion analysis, furthermore, an important cause for such skewed distributions is that a substantial part of the ACL (i.e., almost 25 %) is in actuality discipline-specific rather than generic collocations. In terms of collocation development, we do observe steady increases across years. Interestingly, university students throughout levels not only use more academic collocations, but display a stronger tendency to raise the proportion of discipline-specific collocations in writing. This study is novel as it systematically examines distributions and developments of academic collocations, and is pedagogically valuable in that it collects 483 ACL entries which are suitable targets for EAP learning.

Keywords: academic collocation; EAP learning; vocabulary list; corpus linguistics; domain-specific collocation
Corresponding author: Ping-Yu Huang, The General Education Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., 243 New Taipei City, Taiwan, E-mail:

Appendix: 483 core ACL collocations and their numbers of occurrences across fields of study in BAWE

Word1 POSa Word2 POS Freqb in BAWE Freq in Life Sciences Freq in Arts & Humanities Freq in Social Sciences Freq in Physical Sciences
high adj level* noun 703 189 62 292 160
play verb role* noun 616 143 166 237 70
low* adj level* noun 280 108 20 96 56
high adj rate* noun 270 58 14 144 54
use verb method* noun 267 98 21 31 117
economic* adj growth* noun 244 6 12 219 7
wide adj range* noun 233 72 44 80 37
high adj quality* noun 230 86 14 85 45
provide* verb information* noun 198 55 29 75 39
have verb access* noun 186 32 43 75 36
significant* adj difference* noun 172 123 14 21 14
early adj stage noun 167 46 41 40 40
high adj value* noun 166 30 5 39 92
social* adj responsibility noun 157 2 3 150 2
take into verb consideration* noun 157 39 22 72 24
provide* verb evidence noun 155 35 55 47 18
local adj authority noun 151 14 13 38 86
negative* adj effect* noun 151 55 12 68 16
modern* adj society* noun 132 4 48 76 4
government noun policy* noun 126 10 21 85 10
use verb technique* noun 122 42 18 17 45
private adj sector noun 119 6 2 104 7
commonly* adv used vpp 118 44 14 20 40
provide* verb service noun 117 24 3 64 26
social* adj interaction* noun 116 31 13 69 3
further adj research* noun 112 59 18 23 12
high adj degree* noun 112 14 15 44 39
widely* adv used vpp 106 28 15 28 35
economic* adj policy* noun 105 2 22 79 2
global* adj market noun 105 6 9 81 9
local adj government noun 105 22 5 21 57
give verb information* noun 102 30 22 31 19
local adj community noun 102 16 18 60 8
become verb apparent* adj 101 20 39 26 16
slightly adv different adj 100 23 26 11 40
civil adj society* noun 100 7 7 84 2
significant* adj effect* noun 99 56 8 18 17
external* adj factor* noun 96 22 17 50 7
remain verb constant adj 96 24 7 17 48
third adj party noun 95 5 2 76 12
relatively* adv high adj 95 27 6 37 25
rural adj area noun 95 40 12 34 9
use verb data* noun 95 12 3 27 53
high adj standard* noun 94 26 6 47 15
achieve* verb goal noun 92 10 14 53 15
have verb consequence* noun 90 13 23 42 12
provide* verb insight* noun 90 18 30 35 7
positive* adj effect* noun 90 15 9 61 5
disposable adj income noun 89 16 3 67 3
closely adv related* vpp 89 35 18 33 3
raise verb question noun 89 10 29 44 6
relatively* adv low* adj 88 24 5 32 27
data* noun set noun 87 23 2 7 55
negative* adj impact* noun 86 25 4 52 5
draw verb attention noun 85 6 50 24 5
provide* verb opportunity noun 85 18 21 30 16
independent* adj variable noun 85 28 3 44 10
high adj concentration noun 84 62 3 4 15
short adj period* noun 84 38 12 25 9
cultural adj difference* noun 84 8 12 61 3
significant* adj change* noun 83 26 18 26 13
human* adj activity* noun 83 18 43 18 4
climate noun change* noun 81 34 9 7 31
significant* adj impact* noun 79 16 5 47 11
key adj factor* noun 78 13 11 31 23
draw verb conclusion* noun 77 12 22 25 18
previously* adv mentioned vpp 75 25 26 14 10
central* adj government noun 75 10 8 18 39
meet verb requirement* noun 74 10 2 24 38
make verb distinction noun 73 6 39 25 3
previous* adj study* noun 72 31 6 13 22
urban adj area noun 72 25 10 22 15
further adj investigation noun 71 36 11 9 15
useful* adj tool* noun 71 14 11 26 20
high adj frequency noun 71 14 14 3 40
take verb responsibility noun 70 11 18 36 5
social* adj background noun 70 52 9 5 4
large adj proportion* noun 69 22 18 19 10
make verb available* adj 69 14 7 35 13
use verb approach* noun 69 18 10 28 13
environmental adj factor* noun 68 34 10 16 8
external* adj environment* noun 68 31 5 23 9
take verb role* noun 68 8 19 35 6
competitive adj market noun 67 7 3 48 9
national adj government noun 67 8 5 49 5
economic* adj activity* noun 67 6 15 42 4
environmental adj impact* noun 67 28 2 13 24
vast adj majority noun 66 10 34 8 14
give verb indication noun 65 14 16 8 27
widely* adv accepted vpp 65 13 19 27 6
major adj problem noun 65 23 6 20 16
address* verb issue noun 65 14 16 33 2
main adj function* noun 64 9 13 8 34
personal adj experience* noun 64 12 26 24 2
provide* verb example* noun 64 3 21 36 4
previous* adj section* noun 64 4 13 27 20
provide* verb support* noun 64 28 11 17 8
natural* adj resource* noun 63 15 12 30 6
adverse adj effect* noun 62 28 3 26 5
statistical adj analysis* noun 62 30 5 15 12
detailed* adj analysis* noun 62 6 15 25 16
economic* adj benefit* noun 61 7 7 45 2
high adj proportion* noun 60 24 11 16 9
normal adj distribution* noun 60 13 2 14 31
perform* verb task* noun 60 18 5 13 24
show verb evidence noun 59 21 15 13 10
little adj evidence noun 59 15 26 14 4
have verb potential* noun 59 15 9 23 12
significant* adj role* noun 58 6 16 30 6
make verb contribution* noun 58 11 13 26 8
main adj area noun 57 14 13 16 14
pose verb threat noun 57 8 13 34 2
main adj source* noun 57 14 12 11 20
become verb aware adj 57 11 28 5 13
provide* verb explanation* noun 57 7 16 30 4
major adj factor* noun 56 20 10 16 10
main adj factor* noun 56 12 9 25 10
high adj percentage noun 56 32 5 13 6
closely adv linked* vpp 55 11 12 28 4
general* adj trend* noun 55 13 12 10 20
pose verb problem noun 55 10 18 18 9
key adj issue noun 55 12 9 30 4
technological adj advance noun 54 5 13 29 7
positive* adj impact* noun 54 8 4 39 3
close adj relationship* noun 53 13 5 32 3
integral adj part noun 53 10 14 22 7
adopt* verb approach* noun 53 6 4 41 2
raise verb issue noun 52 5 6 37 4
collect verb data* noun 52 16 3 26 7
significantly* adv high adj 51 21 4 13 13
readily adv available* adj 51 12 7 18 14
slightly adv high adj 51 16 2 10 23
conduct* verb research* noun 51 16 4 28 3
increasing* adj demand* noun 50 7 3 25 15
previous* adj experience* noun 50 11 6 22 11
have verb limitation* noun 49 4 11 23 11
well adv established* vpp 49 15 5 15 14
give verb impression noun 49 12 20 13 4
major adj difference* noun 49 11 7 22 9
specific* adj area noun 49 11 11 23 4
take verb approach* noun 49 7 11 25 6
directly* adv related* vpp 49 11 7 17 14
recent adj study* noun 48 21 9 16 2
purchasing adj power noun 48 9 3 33 3
large adj quantity noun 48 16 12 7 13
physical adj property noun 48 12 11 2 23
huge adj amount noun 48 7 15 18 8
considerable adj amount noun 48 10 5 17 16
large adj range* noun 48 11 4 13 20
raise verb awareness noun 48 15 4 26 3
gain verb access* noun 48 4 9 28 7
main adj focus noun 48 12 16 13 7
vital* adj role* noun 47 11 11 16 9
give verb insight* noun 47 13 13 12 9
key adj role* noun 47 10 10 25 2
make verb assumption* noun 47 5 13 18 11
high adj score noun 47 33 2 6 6
standard* adj error* noun 47 11 2 28 6
generally* adv accepted vpp 46 10 10 18 8
perform* verb function* noun 46 8 10 10 18
common* adj feature* noun 46 12 20 8 6
rely* verb heavily adv 46 9 11 19 7
natural* adj environment* noun 46 18 16 10 2
major adj role* noun 45 20 7 13 5
natural* adj world noun 45 4 31 5 5
close adj proximity noun 45 19 6 10 10
develop* verb theory* noun 45 17 11 15 2
fully adv understand verb 45 11 10 14 10
have verb tendency* noun 45 13 11 14 7
learning noun process* noun 45 10 25 8 2
primary* adj care noun 44 36 2 4 2
come into verb contact* noun 44 13 19 7 5
make verb aware adj 44 9 20 12 3
effective* adj communication noun 44 18 5 12 9
lead to verb conclusion* noun 44 8 22 8 6
make verb statement noun 44 3 21 18 2
similar* adj result* noun 44 13 8 10 13
useful* adj information* noun 44 5 10 11 18
frequently* adv used vpp 44 5 19 7 13
contain* verb information* noun 44 6 9 6 23
final adj stage noun 43 13 11 8 11
further adj analysis* noun 43 12 3 9 19
full adj potential* noun 42 12 5 21 4
make verb judgement noun 42 11 23 4 4
create verb problem noun 42 4 9 23 6
powerful adj tool* noun 42 5 6 17 14
great adj impact* noun 42 9 14 12 7
positive* adj result* noun 41 11 9 10 11
individual* adj need* noun 41 12 6 20 3
great adj emphasis noun 41 10 18 11 2
easy adj access* noun 41 6 8 24 3
develop* verb strategy* noun 41 11 2 26 2
face verb problem noun 41 6 7 21 7
achieve* verb objective* noun 41 5 2 21 13
further adj evidence noun 41 12 15 8 6
varying* adj degree* noun 41 10 8 14 9
traditional* adj method* noun 41 13 4 15 9
significant* adj factor* noun 40 13 9 11 7
prove verb useful* adj 40 9 10 14 7
major adj change* noun 40 8 6 20 6
main adj issue noun 40 13 6 19 2
possible adj explanation* noun 40 11 8 13 8
previous* adj research* noun 40 17 8 11 4
direct* adj contact* noun 39 17 3 14 5
vast adj amount noun 39 5 15 8 11
basic* adj principle* noun 39 8 15 9 7
remain verb unchanged adj 39 12 6 10 11
significant* adj amount noun 39 10 9 6 14
primary* adj source* noun 39 5 23 9 2
local adj area noun 39 15 5 9 10
financial adj resource* noun 39 6 6 22 5
significant* adj increase* noun 38 13 4 14 7
scientific adj method* noun 38 11 22 2 3
initial* adj stage noun 38 12 10 10 6
strong adj evidence noun 38 9 14 9 6
strong adj relationship* noun 38 6 3 20 9
similar* adj pattern* noun 38 9 14 5 10
individual* adj difference* noun 38 24 3 9 2
high adj turnover noun 37 2 2 25 8
seem verb unlikely adj 37 7 12 13 5
previously* adv discussed* vpp 37 8 20 4 5
provide* verb source* noun 37 12 8 10 7
particular* adj area noun 37 8 11 12 6
certain adj aspect* noun 37 6 17 10 4
potential* adj problem noun 37 12 2 13 10
key adj element* noun 37 5 7 20 5
further adj study* noun 36 11 5 15 5
crucial adj factor* noun 36 3 10 19 4
alternative* adj method* noun 36 15 4 4 13
carry out verb task* noun 36 16 7 7 6
critical* adj analysis* noun 36 6 5 13 12
next adj generation noun 36 4 7 14 11
provide* verb access* noun 36 5 5 19 7
financial adj support* noun 36 14 7 11 4
facial adj expression noun 36 19 9 6 2
complex* adj system* noun 36 4 7 16 9
major adj part noun 35 5 9 16 5
clear adj evidence noun 35 3 12 13 7
increasingly* adv important* adj 35 7 4 17 7
become verb available* adj 35 13 6 5 11
particularly* adv useful* adj 35 9 10 8 8
show verb variation* noun 35 10 7 2 16
technological adj development* noun 35 2 10 19 4
significant* adj improvement* noun 35 17 3 11 4
previous* adj work noun 35 5 8 9 13
major adj cause noun 34 16 3 12 3
commonly* adv known vpp 34 4 10 8 12
well adv documented vpp 34 12 10 4 8
naturally adv occurring adj 34 13 9 7 5
identify* verb problem noun 34 9 5 17 3
major adj issue noun 34 10 6 14 4
discuss* verb issue noun 34 4 5 21 4
natural* adj process* noun 33 10 7 7 9
clearly adv defined* vpp 33 3 5 13 12
general* adj principle* noun 33 5 7 18 3
main adj feature* noun 33 4 8 10 11
key adj feature* noun 33 3 12 11 7
establish* verb relationship* noun 33 2 7 21 3
fundamental adj principle* noun 32 6 4 17 5
change verb attitude noun 32 9 6 13 4
seem verb appropriate* adj 32 3 7 13 9
use verb effectively* adv 32 4 10 8 10
offer verb opportunity noun 32 6 5 17 4
limited* adj resource* noun 32 9 3 17 3
traditional* adj approach* noun 32 3 6 21 2
final adj result* noun 32 4 5 8 15
verbal adj communication noun 31 19 7 3 2
appropriate* adj level* noun 31 5 4 11 11
environmental adj concern* noun 31 9 2 18 2
contain* verb element* noun 31 2 12 7 10
scientific adj research* noun 31 19 2 6 4
strong adj correlation noun 31 11 2 13 5
obtain* verb information* noun 31 15 3 9 4
empirical adj data* noun 31 3 4 22 2
increase* verb dramatically adv 30 4 5 10 11
significant* adj number noun 30 6 5 10 9
cultural adj background noun 30 3 11 13 3
detailed* adj information* noun 30 9 4 11 6
vary* verb greatly* adv 29 3 11 4 11
certain adj circumstance noun 29 6 9 11 3
fundamental adj problem noun 29 2 3 22 2
major adj concern* noun 29 5 6 9 9
allow verb access* noun 29 7 8 8 6
popular adj culture noun 29 4 13 9 3
deep adj understanding* noun 29 5 9 9 6
highly* adv significant* adj 29 5 8 13 3
various* adj aspect* noun 29 8 5 10 6
early adj work noun 29 2 20 5 2
prior adj knowledge* noun 29 10 7 5 7
prime adj example* noun 28 4 11 11 2
increasingly* adv difficult adj 28 10 5 10 3
primarily* adv concerned vpp 28 3 11 12 2
modern* adj technology* noun 28 3 2 16 7
positive* adj aspect* noun 28 10 7 9 2
fall into verb category* noun 28 8 8 8 4
similar* adj situation noun 28 5 9 11 3
further adj information* noun 28 8 3 13 4
focal adj point noun 28 3 8 13 4
relatively* adv simple adj 28 6 4 4 14
equally* adv important* adj 28 4 10 11 3
first adj phase* noun 28 6 13 5 4
close adj contact* noun 27 17 3 4 3
prove verb successful* adj 27 2 2 14 9
greatly* adv increase* verb 27 13 4 4 6
become verb involved adj 27 3 7 14 3
essential* adj element* noun 27 7 5 12 3
possible adj source* noun 27 4 5 7 11
environmental adj effect* noun 27 12 3 4 8
valuable* adj information* noun 27 3 6 9 9
brief adj description* noun 27 3 9 5 10
extremely adv useful* adj 26 4 8 5 9
dramatic adj change* noun 26 4 8 9 5
close adj inspection noun 26 2 13 5 6
grow verb rapidly adv 26 4 4 12 6
target noun audience noun 26 2 6 13 5
key adj area noun 26 8 4 12 2
significant* adj part noun 26 7 10 7 2
geographical adj location noun 26 5 6 13 2
available* adj resource* noun 26 7 6 8 5
conduct* verb study* noun 26 14 4 6 2
personal adj interest* noun 25 4 5 11 5
substantial* adj amount noun 25 4 3 13 5
commit verb crime noun 25 3 9 11 2
make verb observation* noun 25 2 5 12 6
create verb environment* noun 25 3 3 16 3
make verb comment noun 25 6 10 4 5
deal verb issue noun 25 7 3 9 6
additional* adj cost noun 25 6 2 12 5
environmental adj change* noun 25 3 11 7 4
key adj aspect* noun 25 5 5 10 5
gain verb insight* noun 25 6 7 10 2
final adj section* noun 25 2 14 7 2
give verb overview noun 25 5 4 9 7
internal* adj structure* noun 25 5 6 5 9
hierarchical adj structure* noun 25 3 7 9 6
make verb prediction noun 25 2 7 7 9
small adj proportion* noun 24 8 7 4 5
reach verb peak noun 24 5 10 6 3
highly* adv unlikely adj 24 2 5 15 2
directly* adv involved* vpp 24 4 4 14 2
gain verb information* noun 24 6 5 9 4
negative* adj aspect* noun 24 3 10 7 4
primary* adj concern* noun 24 3 6 13 2
main adj theme noun 24 3 14 5 2
certain adj characteristic* noun 24 9 5 7 3
radical adj change* noun 24 4 7 9 4
become verb evident* adj 24 4 5 11 4
give verb access* noun 24 4 10 6 4
geographical adj area noun 24 6 5 11 2
external* adj force noun 24 6 5 9 4
effective* adj method* noun 24 8 2 6 8
theoretical adj approach* noun 24 2 9 10 3
full adj range* noun 24 4 10 6 4
identify* verb factor* noun 23 3 2 15 3
separate* adj entity noun 23 2 7 8 6
vast adj number noun 23 3 11 2 7
crucial adj part noun 23 4 8 8 3
traditional* adj practice* noun 23 4 10 7 2
give verb explanation* noun 23 8 6 7 2
diverse adj range* noun 23 8 7 4 4
key adj concept* noun 23 4 5 12 2
alternative* adj way noun 23 5 7 8 3
natural* adj disaster noun 23 5 5 9 4
high adj probability noun 23 7 4 7 5
potentially* adv dangerous adj 22 5 3 9 5
strong adj bond noun 22 2 3 6 11
physical adj characteristic* noun 22 2 6 6 8
external* adj source* noun 22 8 2 5 7
general* adj theory* noun 22 2 7 8 5
acquire* verb knowledge* noun 22 3 10 5 4
process verb information* noun 22 10 4 5 3
high adj priority noun 22 6 2 10 4
small adj quantity noun 21 5 2 4 10
major adj impact* noun 21 5 3 9 4
work verb effectively* adv 21 5 2 8 6
continuous* adj process* noun 21 10 2 4 5
easily adv accessible adj 21 3 5 8 5
large adj majority noun 21 5 9 3 4
clearly adv visible adj 21 3 4 3 11
economic* adj status noun 21 3 9 7 2
provide* verb indication noun 21 3 3 7 8
complex* adj relationship* noun 21 3 5 10 3
close adj look noun 21 2 12 5 2
receive verb information* noun 21 7 3 4 7
high adj profile noun 20 2 2 14 2
whole adj range* noun 20 5 5 7 3
common* adj goal noun 20 2 3 13 2
basic* adj assumption* noun 20 3 7 8 2
obtain* verb data* noun 20 6 4 3 7
additional* adj information* noun 20 3 3 5 9
fully adv informed* vpp 19 9 2 6 2
dramatic adj effect* noun 19 6 5 3 5
external* adj influence* noun 19 3 5 8 3
strong adj link* noun 19 5 4 8 2
directly* adv linked* vpp 19 2 6 9 2
public adj perception noun 19 5 4 7 3
specific* adj purpose* noun 19 2 8 5 4
brief adj overview noun 19 7 5 3 4
typical* adj example* noun 19 3 7 5 4
gather verb data* noun 19 5 3 6 5
critical* adj role* noun 18 3 4 8 3
dramatic adj increase* noun 18 5 3 8 2
prominent adj feature* noun 18 2 9 5 2
particularly* adv significant* adj 18 2 7 5 4
vary* verb considerably* adv 18 2 4 6 6
overall* adj effect* noun 18 5 6 2 5
common* adj theme noun 18 3 9 4 2
highly* adv complex* adj 18 4 7 5 2
large adj percentage noun 18 4 3 5 6
direct* adj link* noun 18 3 6 7 2
structural adj feature* noun 18 5 7 3 3
significant* adj contribution* noun 18 2 5 7 4
cover verb range* noun 18 4 4 4 6
main adj component* noun 18 6 2 2 8
relatively* adv few adj 18 5 7 3 3
low* adj probability noun 18 3 2 10 3
increased* adj risk noun 17 10 2 3 2
significant* adj proportion* noun 17 5 4 6 2
widely* adv available* adj 17 3 3 4 7
ever adv changing adj 17 2 4 9 2
slow adj process* noun 17 5 3 2 7
fully adv developed* vpp 17 4 5 5 3
primary* adj function* noun 17 2 7 6 2
rapidly adv growing adj 17 2 3 7 5
potential* adj source* noun 17 3 3 8 3
actively adv involved* vpp 17 2 2 11 2
test* verb theory* noun 17 8 2 2 5
extensive adj research* noun 17 5 5 4 3
similar* adj characteristic* noun 17 2 3 10 2
relatively* adv stable* adj 17 4 2 6 5
recent adj decade noun 17 2 7 6 2
conduct* verb analysis* noun 17 5 4 6 2
public adj image* noun 16 4 5 5 2
highly* adv influential adj 16 2 7 5 2
normal adj condition* noun 16 8 2 3 3
technical adj skill noun 16 2 3 9 2
extended adj period* noun 16 5 6 2 3
current* adj trend* noun 16 3 3 5 5
provide* verb overview noun 16 2 5 7 2
greatly* adv influenced* vpp 15 2 7 4 2
general* adj overview noun 15 5 2 3 5
increasing* adj importance* noun 15 5 2 6 2
encounter* verb problem noun 15 4 2 4 5
central* adj part noun 15 3 7 3 2
complex* adj interaction* noun 15 6 5 2 2
manufacturing adj sector noun 15 3 2 8 2
limited* adj capacity* noun 15 4 3 5 3
major adj component* noun 14 3 2 4 5
partly adv responsible adj 14 5 4 3 2
well adv educated vpp 14 4 4 2 4
cultural adj aspect* noun 14 2 8 2 2
small adj percentage noun 14 3 3 3 5
evolutionary adj process* noun 14 5 2 5 2
highly* adv dependent* adj 14 3 4 4 3
research* noun topic noun 14 4 2 3 5
increased* adj production* noun 13 4 3 4 2
immediately adv obvious adj 13 3 4 4 2
virtually adv impossible adj 13 3 5 3 2
contribute* verb significantly* adv 13 3 2 5 3
become verb visible adj 13 2 4 5 2
large adj portion noun 13 2 3 6 2
newly adv formed* vpp 12 3 4 3 2
highly* adv effective* adj 12 2 3 4 3
primary* adj aim* noun 12 3 3 3 3
best adv described* vpp 12 3 2 3 4
obvious adj reason noun 12 2 3 5 2
fundamental adj aspect* noun 12 4 3 3 2
advanced adj technology* noun 12 3 3 4 2
positive* adj feedback noun 12 3 4 2 3
reach verb agreement noun 12 2 2 6 2
almost adv identical adj 12 4 2 2 4
alternative* adj explanation* noun 12 4 2 4 2
dynamic adj system* noun 12 3 2 2 5
previously* adv described* vpp 11 2 2 2 5
overall* adj aim* noun 11 3 2 3 3
primary* adj purpose* noun 11 3 2 4 2
brief adj history* noun 10 3 2 3 2
small adj fraction noun 10 2 3 2 3
substantial* adj number noun 10 2 4 2 2
closely adv resemble verb 10 2 3 3 2
detailed* adj study* noun 10 3 2 3 2
widely* adv known vpp 10 2 3 3 2
particular* adj focus noun 10 2 2 4 2

  1. aPart of speech, bFrequency, *Included in the core set of 427 AVL words identified by Durrant (2016).

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2023-0129).

Received: 2023-06-12
Accepted: 2023-09-24
Published Online: 2023-10-09

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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