Abstract
Commercial vegetables include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, and eggplant due to their surplus production, availability, and affordability. The valorisation of the massive wastage of commercial vegetables and providing a long-term solution has been challenging. The review addresses the implications of biowastes on the environment and fosters the recent investigations into valorising commercial vegetable waste to develop multiple value-added products. It discussed the outcomes of the multiple technologies, majorly on green chemistry extraction, while outlining other methods such as fermentation, enzymatic treatments, 3D printing foods, high-pressure homogenisation, microencapsulation, bio-absorption method, and pyrolysis for their respective vegetable wastes. Agri-residues can be a valuable source for formulating functional ingredients, natural additives, biodiesel, dyes, and animal feed. This comprehensive review proposes a strategy to upcycle low-cost biowaste to boost the economic and ecological benefits. The current review captures the interests and great collaborations between researchers, industrialists, policymakers, waste management bodies, and eco-activists.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Food Processing Industries and the National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management – Thanjavur, India, for providing guidance and knowledge support.
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Author contributions: Dekka Srenuja: Investigation, Writing – original draft. Shanmugam Akalya: Conceptualization, Reviewing, Editing, and Supervision. Vadakkepulppara Ramachandran Nair Sinija: Reviewing and Editing.
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Research funding: The work is not supported by any funded projects.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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