Abstract
The expression “intersemiotic legal translation” refers to all forms of legal translation that use at least two different semiotic codes, of which at least one is not verbal. The article will analyze four different conceptions of intersemiotic translation by highlighting the different potential applications in the legal field, as well as the limitations related to this form of translation. The concept of “intersemiotic legal translation” will be examined as a species of the genus “legal translation”, and will be framed according to a typology consisting of six types of legal translation that will take both its semiotic and its legal dimensions into account.
Funding source: Fondazione di Sardegna
Award Identifier / Grant number: CUP F72F20000430007
Acknowledgments
This research is part of the project Legal Acts, Images, Institutions: The Form of the Legal Act in the Era of Legal Design, Department of Law, University of Cagliari. The project was supported by Fondazione Sardegna in 2019, CUP F72F20000430007. This paper and the research behind it would not have been possible without the exceptional scientific support of Professor Giuseppe Lorini, the principal investigator in the above-mentioned project. I would like to thank the referees for carefully reading my manuscript and for their constructive comments.
References
Ariew, A., R. Cummins, and M. Perlman, eds. 2009. Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology. Reprinted. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Barton, T., G. Berger-Walliser, and H. Haapio. 2013. “Visualization: Seeing Contracts for What They Are, and What They Could Become.” Journal of Law, Business, & Ethics 19: 47–64.Search in Google Scholar
Borutti, S., and U. Heidmann. 2012. La Babele in cui viviamo: Traduzioni, riscritture, culture. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.Search in Google Scholar
Campbell, M., and R. Vidal. 2019. “The Translator’s Gaze: Intersemiotic Translation as Transactional Process.” In Translating across Sensory and Linguistic Borders, edited by M. Campbell, and R. Vidal, 1–36. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-97244-2_1Search in Google Scholar
Corrales, C., H. H. Marcelo, M. Hagan, and M. Doherty. 2021. Legal Design: Integrating Business, Design and Legal Thinking with Technology. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781839107269Search in Google Scholar
Conte, A. G. 1976. “<<Codici deontici.>>” In Intorno al «codice». Atti del terzo convegno della Associazione italiana di studi semiotici (AISS). Pavia, 1975, 13–25. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.Search in Google Scholar
Dusi, N. 2015. “Intersemiotic Translation: Theories, Problems, Analysis.” Semiotica 206: 181–205, https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0018.Search in Google Scholar
Eco, U. 2001. Experiences in Translation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Search in Google Scholar
Eco, U. 2018. Dire Quasi La Stessa Cosa: Esperienze Di Traduzione. Milan: Bompiani.Search in Google Scholar
Giacomin, J. 2015. “What Is Human Centred Design?” The Design Journal 17: 606–23, https://doi.org/10.2752/175630614X14056185480186.Search in Google Scholar
Gottlieb, H. 2017. “Semiotics and Translation.” In The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies and Linguistics, edited by K. Malmkjær, 1st ed., 45–63. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315692845-4Search in Google Scholar
Haapio, H. 2013. “Contract Clarity and Usability through Visualization.” In Knowledge Visualization Currents. From Text to Art to Culture, edited by F. T. Marchese, and E. Banassi, 63–84. London: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4471-4303-1_4Search in Google Scholar
Haapio, H., and M. Hagan. 2016. “Design Patterns for Contracts.” In Proceedings of the 19th International Legal Informatics Symposium IRIS 2016. Wien: Österreichische Computer Gesellschaft OCG. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2747280.Search in Google Scholar
Haapio, H., and S. Passera. 2016. “Contracts as Interfaces: Exploring Visual Representation Patterns in Contract Design.” In Legal Informatics, edited by D. M. Katz, D. Ron, and M. Bommarito. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781316529683.018Search in Google Scholar
Haapio, H., D. Plewe, and R. deRooy. 2017. “Contract Continuum: From Text to Images, Comics, and Code.” In Trends and Communities of Legal Informatics. Proceedings of the 20th International Legal Informatics Symposium IRIS 2017. Wien: Österreichische Computer Gesellschaft OCG.10.2139/ssrn.2928604Search in Google Scholar
Hagan, M. D. 2018. “A Human-Centered Design Approach to Access to Justice: Generating New Prototypes and Hypotheses for Intervention to Make Courts User-Friendly.” Indiana Journal of Law and Social Equality 6: 199–239.Search in Google Scholar
Hare, R. M. 1952. The Language of Morals. Reprinted. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Search in Google Scholar
Hart, H. L. A. 1961. The Concept of Law. Second edition 1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Harvey, M. 2004. “What’s So Special about Legal Translation?” Meta 47 (2): 177–85, https://doi.org/10.7202/008007ar.Search in Google Scholar
Iedema, R. 2003. “Multimodality, Resemiotization: Extending the Analysis of Discourse as Multi-Semiotic Practice.” Visual Communication 2 (1): 29–57, https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357203002001751.Search in Google Scholar
ILRC. “Anti-Fraud Comics | Immigrant Legal Resource Center | ILRC.” 2011. Also available at: https://www.ilrc.org/anti-fraud-comics.Search in Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. 1960. “Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics.” In Style in Language, edited by T. Sebeok, 15. New York/London: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. 1971. Selected Writings II Word and Language. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.10.1515/9783110873269Search in Google Scholar
Kelsen, H. 1979. General Theory of Norms. Translated by Michael Hartney. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kourdis, E. 2015. “Semiotics of Translation: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Translation.” In International Handbook of Semiotics, edited by P. P. Trifonas. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.10.1007/978-94-017-9404-6_13Search in Google Scholar
Latour, B. 1992. “Where Are The Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts.” In Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, edited by W. E. Bijker and J. Law, 225–58 Cambridge: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
LinkedIn, 2020. ‘User Agreement | LinkedIn’. 2020. Also available at: https://www.linkedin.com/legal/user-agreement.Search in Google Scholar
Loddo, O. G. 2020. “The Background of Normative Pictures.” Archiv Fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 106 (4): 563, doi:https://doi.org/10.25162/arsp-2020-0023.Search in Google Scholar
Lorini, G., and S. Moroni. 2020a. “How to Make Norms with Drawings: An Investigation of Normativity beyond the Realm of Words.” Semiotica 233: 55–76, https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0062.Search in Google Scholar
Lorini, G., and S. Moroni. 2020b. “Ruling without Rules: Not Only Nudges. Regulation beyond Normativity.” Global Jurist 20 (3): 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1515/gj-2019-0051.Search in Google Scholar
Lorini, G., and S. Moroni. 2021. “Rule‐free Regulation: Exploring Regulation without Rules and Apart from Deontic.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 52 (1): 22–36, doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12291.Search in Google Scholar
MADRE. 2016. Know-Your-Rights Visual Guide for Syrian Refugees. MADRE Press and Publications. https://www.madre.org/press-publications/your-support-action/know-your-rights-visual-guide-syrian-refugees (accessed June 14, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Moroni, S., and G. Lorini. 2017. “Graphic Rules in Planning: A Critical Exploration of Normative Drawings Starting from Zoning Maps and Form-Based Codes.” Planning Theory 16 (3): 318–38, https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095216656389.Search in Google Scholar
Moroni, S., and G. Lorini. 2021. “Multiple Functions of Drawings.” Journal of Urban Design 26 (3): 374–94, https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2020.1801341.Search in Google Scholar
Murray, M. D. 2020. “Diagrammatics and the Proactive Visualization of Legal Information.” 43: 46.10.2139/ssrn.3533412Search in Google Scholar
Murray, M. D. 2021. “Cartoon Contracts and the Proactive Visualization of Law.” University of Massachusetts Law Review 16 (1): 98–197, https://scholarship.law.umassd.edu/umlr/vol16/iss1/2 (accessed June 14, 2022).10.2139/ssrn.3502568Search in Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. 2013. The Design of Everyday Things. Revised and Expanded edition. New York: Basic Books.Search in Google Scholar
Pereira, N. M. 2008. “Book Illustration as (Intersemiotic) Translation: Pictures Translating Words.” Meta 53 (1): 104–19, https://doi.org/10.7202/017977ar.Search in Google Scholar
Queiroz, J., and D. Aguiar. 2015. “C. S. Peirce and Intersemiotic Translation.” In International Handbook of Semiotics, edited by P. P. Trifonas, 201–15. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media.10.1007/978-94-017-9404-6_7Search in Google Scholar
Reiss, K., and J. H. Vermeer. [1991]2014. Towards a General Theory of Translational Action: Skopos Theory Explained. Translated by Christiane Nord, 2nd ed. London/New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315759715Search in Google Scholar
Ross, A. 1968. Directives and Norms. Clark. New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange.Search in Google Scholar
Šarčević, S. 1997. New Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague: Kluwer.Search in Google Scholar
Šarčević, S. 2000. “Legal Translation and Translation Theory: A Receiver-Oriented Approach.” In La Traduction Juridique: Histoire, Théorie(s) et Pratique. Also available at: http://www.tradulex.com/en/translators/Legal-Geneva2000.Search in Google Scholar
Steiner, G. 1975. After Babel. Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Studnicki, F. 1970. Traffic Signs 2 (2): 165–72.10.1515/semi.1970.2.2.165Search in Google Scholar
Tarello, G. 1974. “Il linguaggio precettivo.” In Diritto, enunciati, usi. studi per una teoria del diritto, 134–42. Bologna: Il Mulino.Search in Google Scholar
The Center for Urban Pedagogy, and C. Chang. 2009. Vendor Power! A Guide to Street Vending in New York City. 2009. Also available at: http://welcometocup.org/file_columns/0000/0980/mpp_vendor_power.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
UNHCR Teaching About Refugees. 2019. Diritti Dei Rifugiati. Also available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpXV54fiHys.Search in Google Scholar
Vermeer, H. 1998. “Starting to Unask What Translatology is About.” Target 10: 41–68.10.1075/target.10.1.03verSearch in Google Scholar
von Repgow, E. 2014. The Saxon Mirror: A ‘Sachsenspiegel’ of the Fourteenth Century. Translated by Maria Dobozy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Search in Google Scholar
von Wright, G. H. 1963. Norm and Action. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Search in Google Scholar
WorldCC, Passera, S., and H. Haapio. 2022. ‘Contract Design Pattern Library | Home’. WorldCC Contract Design Pattern Library. 2022. Also available at: http://contract-design.worldcc.com.Search in Google Scholar
Wroblewski, J. 1988. “Les langages juridiques: une typologie.” Droit et société 8 (1): 13–27, https://doi.org/10.3406/dreso.1988.983.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston