Abstract
During the last 20–30 years many researchers have paid attention to the studies of properties of thewood polymer composites (WPC). A lot of works are closely related to investigations of exploitation properties of wood fibres or wood flour containing polyolefine composites [1, 2]. The most useful from wide selection of polyolefines are polypropylenes, but timber industry waste materials comprising lignocellulose fibres are often used as reinforcement of WPC [3–12]. Plywood industry is not an exception – part of waste materials (by-products) are used for heat energy, i.e. burned. In this work we have approbated reinforcing of polypropylene (PP) with one of the plywood industry by-products, such as birch plywood sawdust (PSWD),which containswood fibre fractions with different length [13]. The main fraction (50%) includes fibres with length l = 0.5 − 1 mm. Our previous study [13] has confirmed that PSWD is a promising filler for PP reinforcing. Addition of PSWD up to 40–50 wt.% has increased WPC tensile and flexural modulus, but decreased deformation ability of PP matrix, impact strength, water resistance and fluidity of composite melts. It was shown [13] that modification of the composites with interfacial modifier – coupling agent maleated polypropylene (MAPP content up to 5–7 wt.%) considerably improved all the abovementioned properties. SEM investigations also confirmed positive action of coupling agent on strengthening of adhesion interaction between components wood and PP matrix. Another way how to make better properties of the WPC is to form hybridcomposites [1, 14–24]. Very popular WPC modifiers are nanoparticle additions like organonanoclays, which increase WPC physical-mechanical properties - microhardness, water resistance and diminish barrier properties and combustibility [1, 2, 14–17, 19, 20]. The goal of this study was to investigate organonanoclays influence on plywood production industry by-product birch plywood sawdust (PSWD) containing polypropylenewood hybrid composites (WPHC) physical-mechanical and other exploitation properties.
References
[1] Polyolefin composites Ed. by Domasius Nwabunma and Thein Kun3MCompany,Wiley-Interscience A. JohnWiley and Sons INC Publications. 2007, 3–82, 87–123, 150–201. Search in Google Scholar
[2] Ramakrisha M., Kurmar V., Singh Y.N., Recent Development in Natural Fibre reinforced Polypropylene composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2009, 28, 1169–1189. 10.1177/0731684407087759Search in Google Scholar
[3] Nestore O., Kajaks J., et al., Physical and mechanical properties of composites based on linear low density (LLDPE) and natural fibre waste, Mechanics of Composite Materials 2012, 48, No.6, 616–628. 10.1007/s11029-013-9306-xSearch in Google Scholar
[4] Sobczak L., Lang R.W., Haider A., Polypropylene composites with natural fibers and wood – general mechanical properties, Composites Science and Technology 2012, 72(5), 550–557. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.12.013Search in Google Scholar
[5] Bulylina S., Mactikka O., Karki T., Properties of wood fibrepolypropylene composites: Effect of wood fibre source, Applied Composite Materials 2011, 18(2), 101–111. 10.1007/s10443-010-9134-2Search in Google Scholar
[6] Ashori A., Study on mechanical properties of wood fibrepolypropylene composites, AdvancedMaterials Research 2010, 123–125, 1195–1198. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.123-125.1195Search in Google Scholar
[7] Lou C.-W., Lin C.-W., Huang C.-H., Li T.-T., Preliminary study of polypropylene/sawdust green composites, AdvancedMaterials Research 2010, 557–559, 334–337. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.557-559.334Search in Google Scholar
[8] Perez E., Fama L., Pardo S., Tensile and fracture behaviour of PP/wood flour composites, Composites Part B: Engineering 2012, 43(7), 2795–2800. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.041Search in Google Scholar
[9] Kurmar V., Tyagi L., Sinha S., Wood flour reinforced plastic composite: A review, Reviewers in Chemical Engineering 2011, 27(5– 6), 252–264. 10.1515/REVCE.2011.006Search in Google Scholar
[10] Mendez I.A., Vilaseca F., Pelach M.A., Evaluation of reinforcing effects of ground wood pulp in the preparation of polypropylene based composites coupled with maleated polypropylene, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2007, 105(6), 3588–3596. 10.1002/app.26426Search in Google Scholar
[11] Ashori A., Nourbaksh A., Reinforced wood/polypropylene composites: Effects of chemical composition and particle size, Bioresource Technology 2010, 101(7), 2515–2519. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] Renner K., Kenyo C., Moczo J., Micromechanical deformation processes in PP/wood composites: particle characteristics, adhesion mechanisms, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2010, 41(11), 1653–1661. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.08.001Search in Google Scholar
[13] Kajaks J., Kalnins K., Uzulis S., Matvejs J., Physical and mechanical properties of composites based on polypropylene and timber industry waste, Central European Journal of Engineering 2014, 4(4), 385–390. 10.2478/s13531-013-0172-zSearch in Google Scholar
[14] Kord B., Effects of nanoparticles loading on properties of polymeric composite based on hemp fibre/polypropylene composites, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2012, 25(7), 793–806. 10.1177/0892705711412815Search in Google Scholar
[15] Deka B.K., Mandal M., Maji T.K., Plant fibre reinforced polymer blend/clay nanocomposites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2012, 31(10), 657–669. 10.1177/0731684412444017Search in Google Scholar
[16] Tabari H.Z., Nourbakhsh A., Ashori A., Effects of nanoclay and coupling agents on the physico-mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of wood flour/polypropylene composites, Polymer Engineering and Science 2011, 51(2), 272–277. 10.1002/pen.21823Search in Google Scholar
[17] Lee Y.H., Sain M., Kuboki T., Park C.B., Extrusion foaming of nano-clay-filled wood fiber composites for automotive applications, International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 2009, 1 (1), 641–647. 10.4271/2008-01-1264Search in Google Scholar
[18] Awal A., Ghosh S.B., Sain M., Development and morphological characterization of wood pulp reinforced biocompoisites, Journal of Materials Science 2009, 44(11), 2876–2881. 10.1007/s10853-009-3380-4Search in Google Scholar
[19] Tabari H.Z., Nourbakhsh A., Ashori A., Effects of nanoclay and coupling agents on the physico-mechanical and water absorption properties of saw dusts/polypropylene composites, Polymer Engineering and Science 2012, 14(1), 123–128. Search in Google Scholar
[20] Bezhazd K., Syed M., Hosseini K., Effect of nanoclay dispersion on physical and mechanical properties of wood flour/polypropylene hybrid composites, Bio resources 2011, 6(2), 1741–1751. Search in Google Scholar
[21] Thumn A., Dickson A., The influence of fiber length and damage on mechanical performace of polypropylene/wood pulp composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science andManufacturing 2013, 46, 45–62. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.10.009Search in Google Scholar
[22] Deng W., Song Y., Wang Q., Wang W., Improvement of compatibility and mechanical properties of modified wood fiber/polypropylene composites, Frontiers of Foresty in China 2008, 3(2), 243–247. 10.1007/s11461-008-0021-zSearch in Google Scholar
[23] Maurico C., Rubber clay nanocomposites, Advanced Elastomers - Technology, Properties and Applications 2012, 12, 6–36. Search in Google Scholar
[24] Yang H., Gardner D., Morphological characteristics of cellulose nanofibrilled polypropylene composites, Wood and Fibre Science 2011, 43(2), 215–224. Search in Google Scholar
©2015 J. Kajaks et al.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
