Yıl 2009,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 93 - 101, 01.08.2009
Öz
Hipertansiyonun, dünya genelindeki tüm ölümlerin % 13’ü olan 7.1 milyon insanın ölümüne neden olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. 2000 yılı itibariyle dünyada erişkin nüfusun % 26,4’sının hipertansiyonu olduğu ve bu oranın 2025 yılında % 29,2’ye çıkacağı öngörülmektedir. Yaşlanma, organizmadaki pek çok sistemi etkileyen bir süreçtir. Bu süreçte; hipertansiyon prevalansının da yaşla birlikte artış gösterdiği ve ülkemizdeki geriatrik yaş grubundaki bireylerin hipertansiyon prevalansını %75,1 olarak bildirilmiştir. Kronolojik yaşı değiştirmek imkânsızdır ancak egzersiz eğitimi ile fizyolojik yaş değiştirilebilir. Egzersizin kan basıncını azaltıcı kapasitesinin optimal düzeyde olması için egzersizin şiddeti, tipi, sıklığı ve süresi (FITT) özellikle çocuklarda, kadınlarda, yaşlılarda ve hatta etnik gruplarda bile titizlikle belirlenmelidir. Son zamanlarda elde edilen bulgular ışığında hipertansif bireylerin egzersiz reçetesinin şu şekilde olması önerilmektedir. Egzersizin Tipi; büyük kas gruplarını içeren, süreklilik sağlanabilen ve ritmik olan aerobik egzersizler. Egzersizin Frekansı; tercihen haftanın tüm günlerinde (en az 3 ve 5 gün arasında). Egzersizin Şiddeti; orta şiddetli egzersiz (40-<60% VO2maks ). Egzersizin 30–60 dakikalık sürekli veya aralıklı egzersizler. Süresi
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- WHO, “The world health report 2002 Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life”. World Health Organization, Geneva, p.1–230, 2002.
- Kearney PM., Whelton M., Reynolds K., Muntner P., Whelton PK., Jiang H., “Global burden of hypertension: Analysis of worldwide data”. Lancet, 365 (9455): 217–23, 2005
- Altun B., Arici M., Nergizoğlu G., Derici U., Karatan O., Turgan C., ve ark., “Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (the PatenT study) in 2003”. J Hypertens., 23(10):1817-23, 2005.
- Korkmaz A., Öter Ş., “The role of exercise and diet in hypertension treatment”. T Klin. J. Med. Sci., (18): 213–219, 1998.
- Cindaş A., “Principles Of Exercise Training For The Elderly”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 4 (2): 77–84, 2001.
- Soyuer F., Soyuer A., “Older Adults and Physical Activity”. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (3): 219–224, 2008.
- Erbaşı S., Tüfekçioğlu O., Sabah İ., “Hypertension and the elderly”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 2(2): 67–70, 1999.
- Vasan RS., Beiser A., Seshadri S., ve ark., “Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study”. JAMA, 287:1003–10, 2002.
- Arık N., Klinik Hipertansiyon, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara, p. 28–9, 1996.
- Chobanian AV., Bakris GL., Black HR., ve ark., “The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report”. JAMA, 289 (19):2560–2572, 2003.
- Ezzati M., Oza S., Danaei G., Murray CJL., “Trends and cardiovascular mortality effects of state-level blood pressure and uncontrolled hypertension in the United States”. Circulation, (117): 905–914, 2008.
- Hicks LS., Fairchild DG., Cook EF., Ayanian JZ., “Association of region of residence and immigrant status with hypertension, renal failure, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, among African-American participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII)”. Ethn Dis, (13): 316–323, 2003.
- Lewington S., Clarke R., Qizilbash N., ve ark., “Prospective Studies Collaboration, Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies”. Lancet, 360(1):1903–1913, 2002.
- Anonim, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Hastalık Yükü Çalışması, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 701, Ankara, p.33– 35, 2004.
- Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, “The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI)”. Arch Intern Med.,157(1): 2413–46, 1997.
- Kaplan NM., Systemic Hypertension, In: Zipes DP, Libby P,Bonow RO, Braunwald E (eds) Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, pp 941–1010, 2005.
- Pickering G., “Hypertension. Definitions, natural histories and consequences”. Am J Med., 52(1): 570–83, 1972.
- Kahraman S., Altun B., “JNC-7’nin getirdikleri”. Türk Nefroloji Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi, (Ek 2), 24–33, 2004.
- Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, “Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC I), A cooperative study”. JAMA, 237: 255–61, 1977.
- Acartürk E., Akçiçek F., Akgün G., Atılgan D., Büyüköztürk K., Canberk A. ve ark., “Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Ulusal Hipertansiyon Tedavi ve Takip Kılavuzu”. Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş., 28:335-97, 2000.
- Uluçam MZ., Müderrisoğlu H., “Current Therapeutic Methods For Hypertension In The Elderly”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 11(4): 208–216, 2008.
- Sinclair AM., Isles CG., Brown I. ve ark., “Secondary hypertension in blood pressure clinic”. Arch Intern Med., 147: 1289, 1987.
- Sağlam K., Hipertansiyon Tedavisinde İlaç Seçimi, In: Sağlam K (ed) Hipertansiyon, GATA Yayınları, Ankara, pp. 252–260, 1998.
- Soydan İ., “Hipertansiyon tedavisinde yaşam biçimi değişiklikleri”. Türkiye Klinikleri Kardiyoloji Dergisi,13(5):357–59, 2000.
- WHO, Guidelines Subcommittee of the World Health Organization: World Health Organization-“International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension”. J Hypertens.,17:151–83, 1999.
- Anar ÖS., “Aging and Exercise”. Sağlık ve Toplum Dergisi, 13(1): 18–22, 2003.
- American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand, “Exercise and Hypertension”. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 36(3):533–552, 2004.
- Feigenbaum MS., Pollock ML., “Prescription of resistance training for health and disease”. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 31:38–45, 1999.
- American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand, “Exercise and physical activity for older adults”. Med Sci Sports Exerc.,30(6):992–1008, 1998.
- American College of Sports Medicine, “Position stand: the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 30: 975– 991, 1998.
- Kligman EW., Pepin E., “Prescribing physical activity for older patients”. Geriatrics, 47(8):33–47, 1992.
- Wallace JP., “Exercise in hypertension”. Sports Medicine, 33(1): 585–598, 2003.
- Nelson ME., Rejeski WJ., Blair SN., Duncan WP. ve ark., “Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 39(8),1435–1445, 2007.
- Durmuş D., Cantürk F., Topal T., “Muscle changes by aging, nutrition and exercise”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 8 (1): 37–43, 2005.
- Eskiyurt N., Karan A., “Geriatric Rehabilitation and Exercise”. Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, 17(2), 49–53, 2004.
- Baygören S., Fiziksel Aktivite ve Yaşlanma, Geriatrik Hasta ve Sorunları (cd. Beğer T). İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Komisyonu Yayın No: 9. Deonta Güncel Tıp Yayınları, İstanbul, p. 123–132, 1998.
- Ehsani AA., “Exercise in Patients With Hypertension”. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology,10(5), 253–259, 2001.
- Somers KV., Conway J., Johnston J., Sleight P., “Effects of endurance training on baroreflex sensitivity and blood pressure in borderline hypertension”. Lancet, 337,1363–1368, 1991.
- Vaitkevicius PV., Fleg JL., Engel JH. ve ark., “Effects of age and aerobic capacity on arterial stiffness in healthy adults”. Circulation, 88: 1456–1462, 1993.
Yıl 2009,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 93 - 101, 01.08.2009
Öz
Worldwide, high blood pressure is estimated to cause 7.1 million deaths,about 13% of the total. 26.4% of the adult population in 2000 had hypertension and 29.2% were projected to have this condition by 2025. Ageing is a process which affects many systems in the organism. It is imposible to change chronogical age, however physiological age can be manipulated with exercise training. The optimal training frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT) need to be better defined to optimize the BP lowering capacities of exercise, particularly in children, women, older adults, and certain ethnic groups. Based upon the current evidence, the following exercise prescription is recommended for adults with high BP: Modality: Large muscle groups, can be maintained continuously, and is rhythmical and aerobic. Frequency: Preferably all days of the week (at least between 3 and 5 days per week). Intensity: Moderate-intensity (40-<60% VO2max). Duration: 30–60 min of continuous or intermittent exercise
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- WHO, “The world health report 2002 Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life”. World Health Organization, Geneva, p.1–230, 2002.
- Kearney PM., Whelton M., Reynolds K., Muntner P., Whelton PK., Jiang H., “Global burden of hypertension: Analysis of worldwide data”. Lancet, 365 (9455): 217–23, 2005
- Altun B., Arici M., Nergizoğlu G., Derici U., Karatan O., Turgan C., ve ark., “Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (the PatenT study) in 2003”. J Hypertens., 23(10):1817-23, 2005.
- Korkmaz A., Öter Ş., “The role of exercise and diet in hypertension treatment”. T Klin. J. Med. Sci., (18): 213–219, 1998.
- Cindaş A., “Principles Of Exercise Training For The Elderly”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 4 (2): 77–84, 2001.
- Soyuer F., Soyuer A., “Older Adults and Physical Activity”. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (3): 219–224, 2008.
- Erbaşı S., Tüfekçioğlu O., Sabah İ., “Hypertension and the elderly”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 2(2): 67–70, 1999.
- Vasan RS., Beiser A., Seshadri S., ve ark., “Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study”. JAMA, 287:1003–10, 2002.
- Arık N., Klinik Hipertansiyon, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara, p. 28–9, 1996.
- Chobanian AV., Bakris GL., Black HR., ve ark., “The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report”. JAMA, 289 (19):2560–2572, 2003.
- Ezzati M., Oza S., Danaei G., Murray CJL., “Trends and cardiovascular mortality effects of state-level blood pressure and uncontrolled hypertension in the United States”. Circulation, (117): 905–914, 2008.
- Hicks LS., Fairchild DG., Cook EF., Ayanian JZ., “Association of region of residence and immigrant status with hypertension, renal failure, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, among African-American participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII)”. Ethn Dis, (13): 316–323, 2003.
- Lewington S., Clarke R., Qizilbash N., ve ark., “Prospective Studies Collaboration, Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies”. Lancet, 360(1):1903–1913, 2002.
- Anonim, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Hastalık Yükü Çalışması, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 701, Ankara, p.33– 35, 2004.
- Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, “The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI)”. Arch Intern Med.,157(1): 2413–46, 1997.
- Kaplan NM., Systemic Hypertension, In: Zipes DP, Libby P,Bonow RO, Braunwald E (eds) Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, pp 941–1010, 2005.
- Pickering G., “Hypertension. Definitions, natural histories and consequences”. Am J Med., 52(1): 570–83, 1972.
- Kahraman S., Altun B., “JNC-7’nin getirdikleri”. Türk Nefroloji Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi, (Ek 2), 24–33, 2004.
- Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, “Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC I), A cooperative study”. JAMA, 237: 255–61, 1977.
- Acartürk E., Akçiçek F., Akgün G., Atılgan D., Büyüköztürk K., Canberk A. ve ark., “Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Ulusal Hipertansiyon Tedavi ve Takip Kılavuzu”. Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş., 28:335-97, 2000.
- Uluçam MZ., Müderrisoğlu H., “Current Therapeutic Methods For Hypertension In The Elderly”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 11(4): 208–216, 2008.
- Sinclair AM., Isles CG., Brown I. ve ark., “Secondary hypertension in blood pressure clinic”. Arch Intern Med., 147: 1289, 1987.
- Sağlam K., Hipertansiyon Tedavisinde İlaç Seçimi, In: Sağlam K (ed) Hipertansiyon, GATA Yayınları, Ankara, pp. 252–260, 1998.
- Soydan İ., “Hipertansiyon tedavisinde yaşam biçimi değişiklikleri”. Türkiye Klinikleri Kardiyoloji Dergisi,13(5):357–59, 2000.
- WHO, Guidelines Subcommittee of the World Health Organization: World Health Organization-“International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension”. J Hypertens.,17:151–83, 1999.
- Anar ÖS., “Aging and Exercise”. Sağlık ve Toplum Dergisi, 13(1): 18–22, 2003.
- American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand, “Exercise and Hypertension”. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 36(3):533–552, 2004.
- Feigenbaum MS., Pollock ML., “Prescription of resistance training for health and disease”. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 31:38–45, 1999.
- American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand, “Exercise and physical activity for older adults”. Med Sci Sports Exerc.,30(6):992–1008, 1998.
- American College of Sports Medicine, “Position stand: the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 30: 975– 991, 1998.
- Kligman EW., Pepin E., “Prescribing physical activity for older patients”. Geriatrics, 47(8):33–47, 1992.
- Wallace JP., “Exercise in hypertension”. Sports Medicine, 33(1): 585–598, 2003.
- Nelson ME., Rejeski WJ., Blair SN., Duncan WP. ve ark., “Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 39(8),1435–1445, 2007.
- Durmuş D., Cantürk F., Topal T., “Muscle changes by aging, nutrition and exercise”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 8 (1): 37–43, 2005.
- Eskiyurt N., Karan A., “Geriatric Rehabilitation and Exercise”. Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, 17(2), 49–53, 2004.
- Baygören S., Fiziksel Aktivite ve Yaşlanma, Geriatrik Hasta ve Sorunları (cd. Beğer T). İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Komisyonu Yayın No: 9. Deonta Güncel Tıp Yayınları, İstanbul, p. 123–132, 1998.
- Ehsani AA., “Exercise in Patients With Hypertension”. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology,10(5), 253–259, 2001.
- Somers KV., Conway J., Johnston J., Sleight P., “Effects of endurance training on baroreflex sensitivity and blood pressure in borderline hypertension”. Lancet, 337,1363–1368, 1991.
- Vaitkevicius PV., Fleg JL., Engel JH. ve ark., “Effects of age and aerobic capacity on arterial stiffness in healthy adults”. Circulation, 88: 1456–1462, 1993.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Diğer ID | JA86JH77PH |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ağustos 2009 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2009 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3 |