This paper discusses the place of genetics in the context of scientific literacy and the school science curriculum. It then goes on to report on the work of an on-going three year research project which seeks to document the understanding of genetics, and of modern genetic technologies, and opinions on these technologies among 15-16 years olds in England. Two aspects of the work concerned with understanding the genetics of cells and with opinions on the advisability of prenatal screening for cystic fibrosis are presented. The implications for the school curriculum and for teaching are then discussed. The authors are grateful to the Wellcome Trust for their support in enabling this research.