Invasión silenciosa: la primatología de Imanishi y el sesgo cultural en la ciencia
Abstract Cuando se trata de nuestra relación con la naturaleza, no hay forma de escapar de la tensión entre percepción y proyección. A menudo, lo que descubrimos en la naturaleza es lo que antes pusimos en ella. En consecuencia, la forma en que los naturalistas han contribuido a la misión de ‘la humanidad ha de conocerse a sí misma’, sólo puede entenderse en el contexto del cristal con que se mire el espejo de la naturaleza. Dado que no nos es posible quitarnos los cristales de esas gafas, la segunda mejor opción que nos queda es comparar otras alternativas.
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Asquith, P. J. (1984). The inevitability and utility of anthropomorphism in description of primate behaviour. En R. Harré y V. Reynolds (Eds.), The meaning of primate signals (pp. 138-176). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Asquith, P. J. (1986) Anthropomorphism and the Japanese and Western traditions in primatology. En J. G. Else y P. C. Lee (Eds.), Primate ontogeny, cognition, and social behavior (pp. 61-71). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Asquith, P. J. (1991). Primate research groups in Japan: Orientations and East-West differences. En L. Fedigan & P. J. Asquith (Eds.), The monkeys of Arashiyama. Thirty-five years of research in Japan and the West (pp. 81-98). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Asquith, P. J. (1996). Japanese science and western hegemonies. Primatology and the limits set to questions. En L. Nader (Ed.), Naked science. Anthropological inquiry into boundaries, power, and knowledge (pp. 239-256). New York: Routledge.
Asquith, P. J. (2000). Negotiating science: internationalization and Japanese primatology. En S. Strum y L. M. Fedigan (Eds.), Primate encounters (pp. 165-183). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bartholomew, J. R. (1998). Japanese Nobel candidates in the first half of the twentieth century. Osiris, 13, 238-284. https://doi.org/10.1086/649287
Carpenter, C. R. (1964). Characteristics of social behavior in nonhuman primates. En C. R. Carpenter (Ed.), Naturalistic behavior of nonhuman primates (pp. 358-364). University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Galef, B. G. (1992). The question of animal culture. Hum. Nat., 3, 157-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692251
Gibbs, W. W. (1995). Lost science in the Third World. Sci. Am., 273, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0895-92
Goldschmidt, T. (1998). Darwin’s dreampond. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Goodall, J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Green, S. (1975). Dialects in Japanese monkeys: vocal learning and cultural transmission of locale-specific vocal behavior? Z Tier-psychol, 38, 304-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1975.tb02006.x
Halstead, L. B. (1985). Anti-Darwinian theory in Japan. Nature, 317, 587-589. https://doi.org/10.1038/317587a0
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. J. Theor. Biol., 7, 1-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4
Hirata, S., Watanabe, K. y Kawai, M. (2001). Sweet-potato washing revisited. En T. Matsuzawa (Ed.), Primate origins of human cognition and behavior (pp. 487-508). Tokyo/Heidelberg/Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-09423-4_24
Huffman, M. A. (1996). Acquisition of innovative cultural behaviors in nonhuman primates: a case study of stone handling, a socially transmitted behavior in Japanese macaques. En C. M. Heyes y B. G. Galef (Eds.), Social learning in animals: the roots of culture (pp. 267-289). San Diego: Academic. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012273965-1/50014-5
Imanishi, K. (1941). Japanese view of nature. The world of living things. New York: Routledge Curzon.
Imanishi, K. (1952). The evolution of human nature. En K. Imanishi (Ed.), Ningen (pp. 36-94). Tokyo: Mainichi-shinbunsha.
Inoue-Nakamura, N. y Matsuzawa, T. (1997). Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees. J. Comp. Psychol., 111, 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.111.2.159
Itani, J. (1985). The evolution of primate social structures. Man, 20, 593-611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2802752
Itani, J. y Nishimura, A. (1973). The study of infrahuman culture in Japan: a review. En E. W. Menzel (Ed.), Precultural primate behavior (pp. 26-50). Basel: Karger.
Kawai, M. (1965). Newly-acquired pre-cultural behavior of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima islet. Primates, 6, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01794457
Kawamura, S. (1958). Matriarchal social ranks in the Minoo-B troop: a study of the rank system of Japanese monkeys (in Japanese). Primates, 1, 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01813701
Lawick-Goodall, J. van (1968). A preliminary report on expressive movements and communication in the Gombe Stream chimpanzees. En P. C. Jay (Ed.), Primates: studies in adaptation and variability (pp. 313-519). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Lefebvre, L. (1995). Culturally-transmitted feeding behaviour in primates: evidence for accelerating learning rates. Primates, 36, 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381348
Matsuzawa, T. (2003). Koshima monkeys and Bossou chimpanzees: culture in nonhuman primates based on long-term research. En F. B. M. de Waal y P. L. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: intelligence, culture, and individualized societies. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674419131.c28
Matsuzawa, T., Biro, D., Humle, T., Inoue-Nakamura, N., Tonooka, R. y Yamakoshi, G. (2001). Emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees: education by master-apprenticeship. En T. Matsuzawa (Ed.), Primate origins of human cognition and behavior (pp. 557-574). Tokyo/Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-09423-4_28
Mitchell, R. W., Thompson, N. S. y Miles, H. L. (1997). Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Nishida, T. (1968). The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains. Primates, 9, 167-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01730971
Nishida, T. (1987). Local traditions and cultural transmission. En B. B. Smut, D. L. Chene, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham y T. T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies (pp. 462-474). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Premack, D. y Premack, A. J. (1994). Why animals have neither culture nor history. En T. Ingold (Ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology (pp. 350-365). London: Routledge.
Rendell, L. y Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behav. Brain Sci., 24, 309-382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0100396X
Reynolds, V. (1992). The discovery of primate kinship systems by Japanese anthropologists. En N. Itoigawa, Y. Sugiyama, G. Sackett y R. Thompson (Eds.), Topics in primatology (vol 2, pp. 79-87). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Sakura, O. (1998). Similarities and varieties: a brief sketch on the reception of Darwinism and sociobiology in Japan. Biol. Philos., 13, 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006504623820
Takasaki, H. (2000). Traditions of the Kyoto School of field primatology in Japan. En S. Strum y L. M. Fedigan (Eds.), Primate encounters (pp 151-164). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Todes, D. (1989). Darwin without Malthus: the struggle for existence in Russian evolutionary thought. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tomasello, M. (1994). The question of chimpanzee culture. En R. Wrangham et al. (Eds.), Chimpanzee cultures (pp. 301-317). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Waal F. B. M. de (1996). Good natured. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Waal, F. B. M. de (1998). No imitation without identification. Behav. Brain Sci., 21, 689. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X98271743
Waal, F. B. M. de (1999). Anthropomorphism and anthropodenial: consistency in our thinking about humans and other animals. Philos. Topics, 27, 255-280. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics199927122
Waal, F. B. M. de (2001). The ape and the sushi master. New York: Basic Books.
Waal, F. B. M. de y Tyack, P. L. (2003). Animal social complexity: intelligence, culture, and individualized societies. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Watanabe, K. (1994). Precultural behavior of Japanese macaques: longitudinal studies of the Koshima troops. En R. A. Gardner, A. B. Chiarelli, B. T. Gardner y F. X. Plooij (Eds.), The ethological roots of culture (pp. 81-94). Dordrecht: Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0998-7_5
West, M. J., King, A. P. y White, D. J. (2003). Discovering culture in birds: the role of learning and development. En F. B. M. de Waal y P. L. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: intelligence, culture, and individualized societies (pp. 470-492). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674419131.c36
Whiten, A., Goodal,l J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C. E. G., Wrangham, R. W. y Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1038/21415
Yamada, M. (1963). A study of blood-relationship in the natural society of the Japanese macaque – an analysis of co-feeding, grooming, and playmate relationships in Minoo-B-troop. Primates, 4, 43-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01733671
Yoshimi, K. (1998) Imanishi Kinji’s biosociology as a forerunner of the semiosphere concept. Semiotica, 120, 273-297.
Asquith, P. J. (1986) Anthropomorphism and the Japanese and Western traditions in primatology. En J. G. Else y P. C. Lee (Eds.), Primate ontogeny, cognition, and social behavior (pp. 61-71). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Asquith, P. J. (1991). Primate research groups in Japan: Orientations and East-West differences. En L. Fedigan & P. J. Asquith (Eds.), The monkeys of Arashiyama. Thirty-five years of research in Japan and the West (pp. 81-98). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Asquith, P. J. (1996). Japanese science and western hegemonies. Primatology and the limits set to questions. En L. Nader (Ed.), Naked science. Anthropological inquiry into boundaries, power, and knowledge (pp. 239-256). New York: Routledge.
Asquith, P. J. (2000). Negotiating science: internationalization and Japanese primatology. En S. Strum y L. M. Fedigan (Eds.), Primate encounters (pp. 165-183). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bartholomew, J. R. (1998). Japanese Nobel candidates in the first half of the twentieth century. Osiris, 13, 238-284. https://doi.org/10.1086/649287
Carpenter, C. R. (1964). Characteristics of social behavior in nonhuman primates. En C. R. Carpenter (Ed.), Naturalistic behavior of nonhuman primates (pp. 358-364). University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Galef, B. G. (1992). The question of animal culture. Hum. Nat., 3, 157-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692251
Gibbs, W. W. (1995). Lost science in the Third World. Sci. Am., 273, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0895-92
Goldschmidt, T. (1998). Darwin’s dreampond. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Goodall, J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Green, S. (1975). Dialects in Japanese monkeys: vocal learning and cultural transmission of locale-specific vocal behavior? Z Tier-psychol, 38, 304-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1975.tb02006.x
Halstead, L. B. (1985). Anti-Darwinian theory in Japan. Nature, 317, 587-589. https://doi.org/10.1038/317587a0
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. J. Theor. Biol., 7, 1-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4
Hirata, S., Watanabe, K. y Kawai, M. (2001). Sweet-potato washing revisited. En T. Matsuzawa (Ed.), Primate origins of human cognition and behavior (pp. 487-508). Tokyo/Heidelberg/Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-09423-4_24
Huffman, M. A. (1996). Acquisition of innovative cultural behaviors in nonhuman primates: a case study of stone handling, a socially transmitted behavior in Japanese macaques. En C. M. Heyes y B. G. Galef (Eds.), Social learning in animals: the roots of culture (pp. 267-289). San Diego: Academic. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012273965-1/50014-5
Imanishi, K. (1941). Japanese view of nature. The world of living things. New York: Routledge Curzon.
Imanishi, K. (1952). The evolution of human nature. En K. Imanishi (Ed.), Ningen (pp. 36-94). Tokyo: Mainichi-shinbunsha.
Inoue-Nakamura, N. y Matsuzawa, T. (1997). Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees. J. Comp. Psychol., 111, 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.111.2.159
Itani, J. (1985). The evolution of primate social structures. Man, 20, 593-611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2802752
Itani, J. y Nishimura, A. (1973). The study of infrahuman culture in Japan: a review. En E. W. Menzel (Ed.), Precultural primate behavior (pp. 26-50). Basel: Karger.
Kawai, M. (1965). Newly-acquired pre-cultural behavior of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima islet. Primates, 6, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01794457
Kawamura, S. (1958). Matriarchal social ranks in the Minoo-B troop: a study of the rank system of Japanese monkeys (in Japanese). Primates, 1, 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01813701
Lawick-Goodall, J. van (1968). A preliminary report on expressive movements and communication in the Gombe Stream chimpanzees. En P. C. Jay (Ed.), Primates: studies in adaptation and variability (pp. 313-519). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Lefebvre, L. (1995). Culturally-transmitted feeding behaviour in primates: evidence for accelerating learning rates. Primates, 36, 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381348
Matsuzawa, T. (2003). Koshima monkeys and Bossou chimpanzees: culture in nonhuman primates based on long-term research. En F. B. M. de Waal y P. L. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: intelligence, culture, and individualized societies. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674419131.c28
Matsuzawa, T., Biro, D., Humle, T., Inoue-Nakamura, N., Tonooka, R. y Yamakoshi, G. (2001). Emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees: education by master-apprenticeship. En T. Matsuzawa (Ed.), Primate origins of human cognition and behavior (pp. 557-574). Tokyo/Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-09423-4_28
Mitchell, R. W., Thompson, N. S. y Miles, H. L. (1997). Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Nishida, T. (1968). The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains. Primates, 9, 167-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01730971
Nishida, T. (1987). Local traditions and cultural transmission. En B. B. Smut, D. L. Chene, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham y T. T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies (pp. 462-474). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Premack, D. y Premack, A. J. (1994). Why animals have neither culture nor history. En T. Ingold (Ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology (pp. 350-365). London: Routledge.
Rendell, L. y Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behav. Brain Sci., 24, 309-382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0100396X
Reynolds, V. (1992). The discovery of primate kinship systems by Japanese anthropologists. En N. Itoigawa, Y. Sugiyama, G. Sackett y R. Thompson (Eds.), Topics in primatology (vol 2, pp. 79-87). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Sakura, O. (1998). Similarities and varieties: a brief sketch on the reception of Darwinism and sociobiology in Japan. Biol. Philos., 13, 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006504623820
Takasaki, H. (2000). Traditions of the Kyoto School of field primatology in Japan. En S. Strum y L. M. Fedigan (Eds.), Primate encounters (pp 151-164). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Todes, D. (1989). Darwin without Malthus: the struggle for existence in Russian evolutionary thought. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tomasello, M. (1994). The question of chimpanzee culture. En R. Wrangham et al. (Eds.), Chimpanzee cultures (pp. 301-317). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Waal F. B. M. de (1996). Good natured. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Waal, F. B. M. de (1998). No imitation without identification. Behav. Brain Sci., 21, 689. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X98271743
Waal, F. B. M. de (1999). Anthropomorphism and anthropodenial: consistency in our thinking about humans and other animals. Philos. Topics, 27, 255-280. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics199927122
Waal, F. B. M. de (2001). The ape and the sushi master. New York: Basic Books.
Waal, F. B. M. de y Tyack, P. L. (2003). Animal social complexity: intelligence, culture, and individualized societies. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Watanabe, K. (1994). Precultural behavior of Japanese macaques: longitudinal studies of the Koshima troops. En R. A. Gardner, A. B. Chiarelli, B. T. Gardner y F. X. Plooij (Eds.), The ethological roots of culture (pp. 81-94). Dordrecht: Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0998-7_5
West, M. J., King, A. P. y White, D. J. (2003). Discovering culture in birds: the role of learning and development. En F. B. M. de Waal y P. L. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: intelligence, culture, and individualized societies (pp. 470-492). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674419131.c36
Whiten, A., Goodal,l J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C. E. G., Wrangham, R. W. y Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1038/21415
Yamada, M. (1963). A study of blood-relationship in the natural society of the Japanese macaque – an analysis of co-feeding, grooming, and playmate relationships in Minoo-B-troop. Primates, 4, 43-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01733671
Yoshimi, K. (1998) Imanishi Kinji’s biosociology as a forerunner of the semiosphere concept. Semiotica, 120, 273-297.
de Waal, F. B. M. (2024). Invasión silenciosa: la primatología de Imanishi y el sesgo cultural en la ciencia. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 13(1), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2024.31934
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