From Timing to Planning: Temporal Control of Behavior in Non-Human Animals
Abstract Future oriented cognition, the group of cognitive processes that incorporate explicit or implicit considerations of future states, is a topic that has received growing interest within animal cognition studies. Through the analysis of associative learning literature and ethological studies, we will justify the attribution of prospective cognition to different species, by way of distinguishing two non-exclusive forms of future oriented cognition: on the one hand planning, on the other hand timing: the cognitive capacity to adjust behavior to temporal regularities in the environment. We will apply this distinction to the work of Frans de Waal on chimpanzees.
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Allen, C. (2018). Associative learning. En K. Andrews y J. Beck (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of philosophy of animal minds (pp. 401-408). London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315742250-39
Allen-Hermanson, S. (2005). Morgan’s Canon Revisited. Philosophy of Science, 72(4), 608-631. https://doi.org/10.1086/505187
Anscombe, G. E. M. (2000). Intention. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Barrett, L. F. y Simmons, W. K. (2015). Interoceptive predictions in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3950
Boesch, C. y Boesch, H. (1984). Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking. Primates, 25(2), 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382388
Bubić, A. y Abraham, A. (2014). Neurocognitive bases of future oriented cognition. Review of Psychology, 21, 3-15.
Bubic, A., von Cramon, D. Y. y Schubotz, R. I. (2010). Prediction, Cognition and the Brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00025
Buzsáki, G. y Moser, E. I. (2013). Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system. Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3304
Chennu, S., Noreika, V., Gueorguiev, D., Blenkmann, A., Kochen, S., Ibáñez, A., Owen, A. M. y Bekinschtein, T. A. (2013). Expectation and Attention in Hierarchical Auditory Prediction. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(27), 11194-11205. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0114-13.2013
Cisek, P. (2019). Resynthesizing behavior through phylogenetic refinement. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 81(7), 2265-2287. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01760-1
de Waal, F. (2022). La política de los chimpancés. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Dennett, D. C. (1992). Consciousness Explained. Boston, Massachusetts: Back Bay Books.
Dews, P. (1978). Studies on responding under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement: II. The scalloped pattern of the cumulative record. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1901/JEAB.1978.29-67
Escobar, M., Suits, W. T., Rahn, E. J. y Arcediano, F. (2015). Do long delay conditioned stimuli develop inhibitory properties? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01606
Froufe Torres, M. (2011). Psicología del aprendizaje. Principios y aplicaciones conductuales. Madrid: Editorial Paraninfo.
Gallistel, C. R. y Gibbon, J. (2000). Time, rate, and conditioning. Psychological Review, 107(2), 289-344. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.289
Gärdenfors, P. (1995). Cued and detached representations in animal cognition. Behavioural Processes, 35(1), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(95)00043-7
Goodall, J. (1964). Tool-Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees. Nature, 201(4926), Article 4926. https://doi.org/10.1038/2011264a0
Gwinner, E. (1986). Circannual Rhythms: Endogenous Annual Clocks in the Organization of Seasonal Processes. Cham: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82870-6
Hesslow, G. (2002). Conscious thought as simulation of behaviour and perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01913-7
Hesslow, G. (2012). The current status of the simulation theory of cognition. Brain Research, 1428, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.026
Holland, O. y Goodman, R. B. (2003). Robots with Internal Models: A Route to Machine Consciousness? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10(4-5), 77-109.
Janmaat, K. R. L., Polansky, L., Ban, S. D. y Boesch, C. (2014). Wild chimpanzees plan their breakfast time, type, and location. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(46), 16343-16348. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407524111
Kabadayi, C. y Osvath, M. (2017). Ravens parallel great apes in flexible planning for tool-use and bartering. Science, 357(6347), 202-204. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8138
Kok, P. y de Lange, F. P. (2014). Shape perception simultaneously up- and downregulates neural activity in the primary visual cortex. Current Biology: CB, 24(13), 1531-1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.042
Lejeune, H. y Wearden, J. H. (1991). The comparative psychology of fixed-interval responding: Some quantitative analyses. Learning and Motivation, 22(1-2), 84-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0023-9690(91)90018-4
Lowe, C. F., Harzem, P. y Spencer, P. T. (1979). Temporal control of behavior and the power law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31(3), 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1979.31-333
McClung, J. S., Goetschi, F., Baumeyer, A. y Zuberbühler, K. (2020). Chimpanzee immigration: Complex social strategies differ between zoo-based and wild animals. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v8i1.326
McEwen, E. S., Warren, E., Tenpas, S., Jones, B., Durdevic, K., Rapport Munro, E. y Call, J. (2022). Primate cognition in zoos: Reviewing the impact of zoo-based research over 15 years. American Journal of Primatology, 84(10), e23369. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23369
McLean, A. (2001). Cognitive abilities - The result of selective pressures on food acquisition? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 71, 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00181-7
Milton, K. (1981). Distribution Patterns of Tropical Plant Foods as an Evolutionary Stimulus to Primate Mental Development. American Anthropologist, 83(3), 534-548. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1981.83.3.02a00020
Morgan, C. L. (1894). An introduction to comparative psychology. London: Walter Scott. https://doi.org/10.1037/11344-000
Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., Scola, C. y Hirata, S. (2012). Humans and chimpanzees attend differently to goal-directed actions. Nature Communications, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1695
Panda, S., Hogenesch, J. B. y Kay, S. A. (2002). Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature, 417(6886), 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1038/417329a
Parr, T., Pezzulo, G. y Friston, K. J. (2022). Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12441.001.0001
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (pp. xv, 430). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pezzulo, G. y Cisek, P. (2016). Navigating the Affordance Landscape: Feedback Control as a Process Model of Behavior and Cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(6), 414-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.013
Pezzulo, G., Parr, T. y Friston, K. (2021). The evolution of brain architectures for predictive coding and active inference. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 377(1844), 20200531. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0531
Pezzulo, G., Rigoli, F. y Friston, K. (2015). Active Inference, homeostatic regulation and adaptive behavioural control. Progress in Neurobiology, 134, 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.001
Phillips, C. y Lancelotti, C. (2014). Chimpanzee diet: Phytolithic analysis of feces. American Journal of Primatology, 76(8), 757-773. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22267
Rao, R. P. N. y Jiang, L. P. (2022, November 22). Predictive Coding Theories of Cortical Function. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.328
Rescorla, R. A. (1967). Inhibition of delay in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 64(1), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024810
Romanes, G. J. (1888). Animal Intelligence. Boston, Massachusetts: D. Appleton.
Sanz, C. M., Call, J. y Boesch, C. (Eds.) (2013). Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511894800
Sanz, C. M. y Morgan, D. B. (2009). Flexible and Persistent Tool-using Strategies in Honey-gathering by Wild Chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 30(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-009-9350-5
Sanz, C., Morgan, D. y Gulick, S. (2004). New Insights into Chimpanzees, Tools, and Termites from the Congo Basin. The American Naturalist, 164(5), 567-581. https://doi.org/10.1086/424803
Schneider, B. (1969). A two-state analysis of fixed- interval responding in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 677-687. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1969.12-677
Searle, J. R. (1983). Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173452
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
Sherman, J. G. (1959). The temporal distribution of responses on fixed interval schedules. Dissertation Abstracts, 20,1455-1456.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis (p. 457). New York: Appleton-Century.
Starzak, T. (2017). Interpretations without justification: A general argument against Morgan’s Canon. Synthese, 194(5), 1681-1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1013-4
Szpunar, K. K., Spreng, R. N. y Schacter, D. L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(52), 18414-18421. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417144111
Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychology (pp. xx, 353). New York: A G Seiler. https://doi.org/10.1037/10881-000
Turing, A. M. (1937). On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, s2-42(1), 230-265. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230
Vasconcelos, M., de Carvalho, M. P. y Machado, A. (2017). Timing in animals: From the natural environment to the laboratory, from data to models. En J. Call, G. M. Burghardt, I. M. Pepperberg, C. T. Snowdon y T. Zentall (Eds.), APA handbook of comparative psychology: Perception, learning, and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 509-534). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000012-023
Wearden, J. (2016). The Psychology of Time Perception. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40883-9
Whitaker, S., Lowe, C. F. y Wearden, J. H. (2003). Multiple-interval timing in rats: Performance on two-valued mixed fixed-interval schedules. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 29(4), 277-291. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.29.4.277
Zieliński, K., Werka, T., Wilson, W. J. y Nikolaev, E. (1995). Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience. Animal Learning & Behavior, 23(4), 438-446. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198943
Allen-Hermanson, S. (2005). Morgan’s Canon Revisited. Philosophy of Science, 72(4), 608-631. https://doi.org/10.1086/505187
Anscombe, G. E. M. (2000). Intention. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Barrett, L. F. y Simmons, W. K. (2015). Interoceptive predictions in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3950
Boesch, C. y Boesch, H. (1984). Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking. Primates, 25(2), 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382388
Bubić, A. y Abraham, A. (2014). Neurocognitive bases of future oriented cognition. Review of Psychology, 21, 3-15.
Bubic, A., von Cramon, D. Y. y Schubotz, R. I. (2010). Prediction, Cognition and the Brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00025
Buzsáki, G. y Moser, E. I. (2013). Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system. Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3304
Chennu, S., Noreika, V., Gueorguiev, D., Blenkmann, A., Kochen, S., Ibáñez, A., Owen, A. M. y Bekinschtein, T. A. (2013). Expectation and Attention in Hierarchical Auditory Prediction. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(27), 11194-11205. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0114-13.2013
Cisek, P. (2019). Resynthesizing behavior through phylogenetic refinement. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 81(7), 2265-2287. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01760-1
de Waal, F. (2022). La política de los chimpancés. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Dennett, D. C. (1992). Consciousness Explained. Boston, Massachusetts: Back Bay Books.
Dews, P. (1978). Studies on responding under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement: II. The scalloped pattern of the cumulative record. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1901/JEAB.1978.29-67
Escobar, M., Suits, W. T., Rahn, E. J. y Arcediano, F. (2015). Do long delay conditioned stimuli develop inhibitory properties? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01606
Froufe Torres, M. (2011). Psicología del aprendizaje. Principios y aplicaciones conductuales. Madrid: Editorial Paraninfo.
Gallistel, C. R. y Gibbon, J. (2000). Time, rate, and conditioning. Psychological Review, 107(2), 289-344. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.289
Gärdenfors, P. (1995). Cued and detached representations in animal cognition. Behavioural Processes, 35(1), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(95)00043-7
Goodall, J. (1964). Tool-Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees. Nature, 201(4926), Article 4926. https://doi.org/10.1038/2011264a0
Gwinner, E. (1986). Circannual Rhythms: Endogenous Annual Clocks in the Organization of Seasonal Processes. Cham: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82870-6
Hesslow, G. (2002). Conscious thought as simulation of behaviour and perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01913-7
Hesslow, G. (2012). The current status of the simulation theory of cognition. Brain Research, 1428, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.026
Holland, O. y Goodman, R. B. (2003). Robots with Internal Models: A Route to Machine Consciousness? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10(4-5), 77-109.
Janmaat, K. R. L., Polansky, L., Ban, S. D. y Boesch, C. (2014). Wild chimpanzees plan their breakfast time, type, and location. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(46), 16343-16348. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407524111
Kabadayi, C. y Osvath, M. (2017). Ravens parallel great apes in flexible planning for tool-use and bartering. Science, 357(6347), 202-204. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8138
Kok, P. y de Lange, F. P. (2014). Shape perception simultaneously up- and downregulates neural activity in the primary visual cortex. Current Biology: CB, 24(13), 1531-1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.042
Lejeune, H. y Wearden, J. H. (1991). The comparative psychology of fixed-interval responding: Some quantitative analyses. Learning and Motivation, 22(1-2), 84-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0023-9690(91)90018-4
Lowe, C. F., Harzem, P. y Spencer, P. T. (1979). Temporal control of behavior and the power law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31(3), 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1979.31-333
McClung, J. S., Goetschi, F., Baumeyer, A. y Zuberbühler, K. (2020). Chimpanzee immigration: Complex social strategies differ between zoo-based and wild animals. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v8i1.326
McEwen, E. S., Warren, E., Tenpas, S., Jones, B., Durdevic, K., Rapport Munro, E. y Call, J. (2022). Primate cognition in zoos: Reviewing the impact of zoo-based research over 15 years. American Journal of Primatology, 84(10), e23369. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23369
McLean, A. (2001). Cognitive abilities - The result of selective pressures on food acquisition? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 71, 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00181-7
Milton, K. (1981). Distribution Patterns of Tropical Plant Foods as an Evolutionary Stimulus to Primate Mental Development. American Anthropologist, 83(3), 534-548. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1981.83.3.02a00020
Morgan, C. L. (1894). An introduction to comparative psychology. London: Walter Scott. https://doi.org/10.1037/11344-000
Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., Scola, C. y Hirata, S. (2012). Humans and chimpanzees attend differently to goal-directed actions. Nature Communications, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1695
Panda, S., Hogenesch, J. B. y Kay, S. A. (2002). Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature, 417(6886), 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1038/417329a
Parr, T., Pezzulo, G. y Friston, K. J. (2022). Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12441.001.0001
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (pp. xv, 430). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pezzulo, G. y Cisek, P. (2016). Navigating the Affordance Landscape: Feedback Control as a Process Model of Behavior and Cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(6), 414-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.013
Pezzulo, G., Parr, T. y Friston, K. (2021). The evolution of brain architectures for predictive coding and active inference. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 377(1844), 20200531. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0531
Pezzulo, G., Rigoli, F. y Friston, K. (2015). Active Inference, homeostatic regulation and adaptive behavioural control. Progress in Neurobiology, 134, 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.001
Phillips, C. y Lancelotti, C. (2014). Chimpanzee diet: Phytolithic analysis of feces. American Journal of Primatology, 76(8), 757-773. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22267
Rao, R. P. N. y Jiang, L. P. (2022, November 22). Predictive Coding Theories of Cortical Function. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.328
Rescorla, R. A. (1967). Inhibition of delay in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 64(1), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024810
Romanes, G. J. (1888). Animal Intelligence. Boston, Massachusetts: D. Appleton.
Sanz, C. M., Call, J. y Boesch, C. (Eds.) (2013). Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511894800
Sanz, C. M. y Morgan, D. B. (2009). Flexible and Persistent Tool-using Strategies in Honey-gathering by Wild Chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 30(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-009-9350-5
Sanz, C., Morgan, D. y Gulick, S. (2004). New Insights into Chimpanzees, Tools, and Termites from the Congo Basin. The American Naturalist, 164(5), 567-581. https://doi.org/10.1086/424803
Schneider, B. (1969). A two-state analysis of fixed- interval responding in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 677-687. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1969.12-677
Searle, J. R. (1983). Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173452
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
Sherman, J. G. (1959). The temporal distribution of responses on fixed interval schedules. Dissertation Abstracts, 20,1455-1456.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis (p. 457). New York: Appleton-Century.
Starzak, T. (2017). Interpretations without justification: A general argument against Morgan’s Canon. Synthese, 194(5), 1681-1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1013-4
Szpunar, K. K., Spreng, R. N. y Schacter, D. L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(52), 18414-18421. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417144111
Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychology (pp. xx, 353). New York: A G Seiler. https://doi.org/10.1037/10881-000
Turing, A. M. (1937). On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, s2-42(1), 230-265. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230
Vasconcelos, M., de Carvalho, M. P. y Machado, A. (2017). Timing in animals: From the natural environment to the laboratory, from data to models. En J. Call, G. M. Burghardt, I. M. Pepperberg, C. T. Snowdon y T. Zentall (Eds.), APA handbook of comparative psychology: Perception, learning, and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 509-534). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000012-023
Wearden, J. (2016). The Psychology of Time Perception. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40883-9
Whitaker, S., Lowe, C. F. y Wearden, J. H. (2003). Multiple-interval timing in rats: Performance on two-valued mixed fixed-interval schedules. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 29(4), 277-291. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.29.4.277
Zieliński, K., Werka, T., Wilson, W. J. y Nikolaev, E. (1995). Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience. Animal Learning & Behavior, 23(4), 438-446. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198943
Zapata, M. (2024). From Timing to Planning: Temporal Control of Behavior in Non-Human Animals. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 13(1), 227–253. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2024.31271
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