Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid
Fig 3
Overview of caterpillar volatile profiles of untreated, starved or starved then external microbiome disrupted C. glomerata parasitised or unparasitised caterpillars (P. brassicae).
a) OPLS-DA (Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis) plot for the volatile blends of different groups of caterpillars. The Hotelling’s T2 ellipse confines the confidence region (95%) of the score plot. b) Loading plot defining the contribution of each of the volatile compounds to the separation of treatment groups. Volatile compounds closer to a treatment in the plot correlate stronger with the treatment. For compound identity see Table 1. Abbreviations used: Cg = Untreated parasitised caterpillars; Cg-ST = starved parasitised caterpillar; Cg-ST+EMD = starved then external microbiome disrupted parasitised caterpillars. Pb = Untreated unparasitised caterpillars; Pb-ST = starved unparasitised caterpillars; Pb-ST+EMD = starved then external microbiome disrupted unparasitised caterpillars.