A Family of Salmonella Type III Secretion Effector Proteins Selectively Targets the NF-κB Signaling Pathway to Preserve Host Homeostasis
Fig 6
The PipA family of effector proteins localizes to the nucleus of infected cells.
Immunofluorescence staining of HeLa cells transfected with a plasmid encoding FLAG-tagged PipA, GogA, or GtgA or infected with S. Typhimurium encoding FLAG-tagged PipA, GogA, or GtgA. Eighteen hours after transfection and 4 hours after bacterial infection, cells were stained with an anti FLAG antibody (to visualize the effector proteins) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to visualize nuclear DNA. Scale bars: 5 and 10 μm for PipA and GogA/GtgA, respectively.