Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice Induces a DNA Damage Response That Facilitates Viral Replication
Figure 4
MVM-induced DDR requires viral replication.
(A) Loss of DDR following UV-inactivation of MVM. MVM was UV-inactivated as described in materials and methods. A9 cells were mock-infected or infected with wild-type or UV-inactivated MVM at an MOI of 10. Western blot analysis of DDR proteins as well as NS1/2 and tubulin, of samples taken 24 hrs post-infection, revealed that UV-inactivated MVM did not activate the signaling pathways induced by wild-type MVM. (B) Expression of non-structural proteins is not sufficient for full DDR. Western blot analysis of DDR proteins 48 hrs following transfection of A9 cells with plasmids expressing MVM non-structural proteins as well as control plasmids pcDNA and GFP. MVM infection served as a positive control for the DDR, and tubulin was used as a loading control.