To what extent does confounding explain the association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development up to age 14? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Fig 4
Association between breastfeeding duration (any breastfeeding) and standardised cognitive verbal scores (mean: 0; SD: 1)between ages 5 and 14, UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 7,855).
All categories of BF duration are compared to “Never breastfed” as the reference category. Model 1: Adjusted for gestational age at birth, maternal ethnicity and languages spoken in household. Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 + Socioeconomic position (maternal education and highest social class in household). Model 3: Adjusted for Model 2 + other confounding factors (older siblings in household, maternal age, mother working outside the home, partnership status, and maternal smoking during pregnancy). Model 4: Adjusted for Model 4 + Maternal cognitive score.