Differential responses of salivary cortisol, amylase, and chromogranin A to academic stress
Fig 1
The levels of salivary biomarkers and pulse rate before class and after oral presentation (in presenters) or during class (in audience).
Data were presented as mean ± SEM of salivary cortisol (A), salivary alpha-amylase (B), salivary chromogranin A (C) levels, and pulse rate (D). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001 compared with audience.