Understanding the critical rate of environmental change for ecosystems, cyanobacteria as an example
Fig 1
Three types of tipping in a system with alternative stable states.
Three types of tipping: Bifurcation-induced (a,b), noise-induced (c,d) and rate-induced (e,f). The upper panels show the initial stability landscapes. Pink arrows show the change in the stability landscape, and the blue arrow shows a change in the state of the system. The lower panels show the stability landscapes at the tipping point, and the dotted arrows indicate the self-enforced change of the system.