Improvement of loperamide-induced slow transit constipation by Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 is mediated by the correction of butyrate production and neurotransmitter profile due to improvement in dysbiosis
Fig 6
Relative expression of Tph-1 in distal colon of loperamide-induced constipation rats.
Data were calculated using quantitative real-time PCR ΔΔCt method, and transcript expression was normalized using the housekeeping gene GAPDH. In the analysis, the relative gene expression level relative to the Normal group was calculated. Values are means ± SE of 9 or 10 animals. **, p < 0.01 vs. Normal; ##, p < 0.01 vs. Lop.