Berberine inhibits free fatty acid and LPS-induced inflammation via modulating ER stress response in macrophages and hepatocytes
Fig 2
Effect of BBR on PA and LPS-induced protein expression of proinflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells.
RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with BBR (5 μM) for 1 h, then treated with PA (0.25mM) or LPS (25 ng/mL) or both for 6 h. At the end of treatment, cell culture medium and total cell lysates were collected. The protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 were determined by ELISA as described under Materials and Methods. Relative protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 were normalized by total protein amounts and expressed as pg/mg of protein. The protein levels of mature IL-1β were determined by Western blot. β-Actin was used as the loading control. Values are mean ±S.E. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance relative to vehicle control, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; relative to LPS, $p<0.05, $p<0.01; relative to PA+LPS, #p<0.05, ##p<0.01. A. The relative protein levels of TNF-α; B. The relative protein levels of IL-6; C. The relative protein levels of MCP-1; D. Representative immunoblots of mature IL-1β and β-Actin; E. The relative protein levels of IL-1β.