Combinations of plant water-stress and neonicotinoids can lead to secondary outbreaks of Banks grass mite (Oligonychus pratensis Banks)
Fig 5
Effects of water-stress, neonicotinoids, and BGM herbivory on plant defense proteins (Field experiment 3) (mean ± 1 S.E.).
POD, peroxidase; PPO, polyphenol oxidase; CHI, chitinase; TI, trypsin inhibitor). Circles represent control (CON - no insecticide treatment); triangles and squares represent plants treated with clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (THI) respectively. Optimal irrigation (100% estimated ET replacement) is represented by solid lines and symbols, and water-stress (25% of water provided to optimally irrigated plants) is represented by dashed lines, open symbols.