Probabilistic-numerical assessment of pyroclastic current hazard at Campi Flegrei and Naples city: Multi-VEI scenarios as a tool for “full-scale” risk management
Fig 4
Model results for VEI 4 eruptions at Campi Flegrei.
A) Maximum limit (red line) reached by the PCs during the ~ 4.1–3.8 ka Astroni eruption, as example of VEI 4 at Campi Flegrei; B) typical exposure of the Astroni PC deposits at about 1.5 km from the vent; C) hazard map of conditional probability and D) the associated maximum dynamic pressures (expressed in Pa) for moderate- to high-particle concentration PCs; E) hazard map of conditional probability and F) the associated maximum dynamic pressures for dilute PCs (see text and Tables 1 and 3 for the PC characteristics adopted in the simulations). Levels of damage associated to different values of dynamic pressure as in Fig 2. The urbanization pattern is also shown in C-F. The Campi Flegrei Digital Elevation Model is courtesy of Laboratory of Geomatica e Cartografia, INGV-OV Naples.