Ganglionated plexi stimulation induces pulmonary vein triggers and promotes atrial arrhythmogenecity: In silico modeling study
Fig 3
Spontaneous action potential in the pulmonary vein (PV).
(A) Ganglionated plexus (GP) and nerve model based on the octopus hypothesis.[6] (B) Action potentials (APs) at 5 points on the PV and left atrium (LA) are shown after rapid pacing in the left superior PV (location 2). Sequential wave propagation from point 1 to 5 is observed. Red dots represent the pacing time points. (C) Three-dimensional AP maps showing wave propagation. (D) Approximately 7 s after rapid pacing, the wave propagation becomes irregular and degenerates to atrial fibrillation (AF).