Butterfly Wings Are Three-Dimensional: Pupal Cuticle Focal Spots and Their Associated Structures in Junonia Butterflies
Fig 1
Pupal wing cuticle patterns of 3 Junonia species.
All scale bars indicate 1 mm. (a) A whole J. orithya pupa. (b) A pupal wing surface. High magnification of (a). (c) Pupal cuticle focal spots and focal marks (focus-associated marks). They are labelled as first to sixth from the anterior to the posterior sides of a wing. (d) A pupal wing surface immediately before eclosion. The adult color pattern is seen through the pupal cuticle case, which demonstrates the correspondence between the pupal focal spots and adult eyespots. (e) A whole J. almana pupa. (f) A pupal wing surface. High magnification of (e). Focal spots and marks are observed. (g) A whole J. hedonia pupa. (h) A pupal wing surface. High magnification of (g). Focal spots are observed but there is no focal mark.