Osteological and Soft-Tissue Evidence for Pneumatization in the Cervical Column of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) and Observations on the Vertebral Columns of Non-Volant, Semi-Volant and Semi-Aquatic Birds
Table 3
Distribution of pneumatic elements of thoracic column per taxon.
Presence (+) and absence (-) of pneumatic characters found on the thoracic vertebrae from specimens of the 11 taxa studied. The penguin with the pneumatised vertebrae is Pygoscelis papua (NHMUK unregistered). For more details see S1 Table and S3–S13 Tables. Abbreviations: PF, pneumatic foramina; F, fossae; L, laminae; Sept., septated.