Could the Extended Phenotype Extend to the Cellular and Subcellular Levels in Insect-Induced Galls?
Fig 4
Developmental anatomy of Nothotrioza cattleiani galls.
(a-d) Stage of maturation. (e-h) Stage of senescence. (a) Detail of hypertrophied inner epidermal cells lining the nymphal chamber (arrow head), inner cortical cells with phenolic inclusions (asterisk) and collateral vascular bundles with equal portions of xylem (X) and phloem (Ph). (b) Detail of hypertrophied and anticlinally elongated median cortical cells with hyaline protoplasts (asterisks), and the outer cortical cells with phenolic inclusions. (c) Detail of live sclereids at the middle of the outer cortex, with phenolic inclusions and thick secondary walls (SW). (d) Detail of the periclinally elongated outermost cortical cell layers adjacent to the outer epidermis (asterisk) in contact with the external environment (EE). (e) Detail of inner epidermal (asterisk) lining the nymphal chamber (NC), and inner cortical cells (arrow head); median cortical cells with secondary lignified cell walls (SW) and phenolic inclusions. (f) Detail of phenolic substances accumulated in the anticlinally elongated median cortical cells (asterisk). (g) Detail of the outer cortical cells and outer epidermis with secondary walls (SW) and vacuolated non-lignified cells. (h) Detail of necrotic sites in the gall apex that lead to gall dehiscence. Bars: 50 μm.